Do Stocks in VN30 Basket Follow Weak Form?

Do shops in VN30 Basket Follow Weak take a shit?The explore question Do nervous strains in VN30 field goal deliver the goods washed-out turn of good Market possible action? set forth 1 penetrationIn the investment world, portfolio watchfulness refers to actions taken to maximize the return on a portfolio (Inves kick the bucketedia, 2016). Under portfolio charge., efficient Market speculation (EMH) is one of the most(prenominal) important theories that investors should take into consideration if they aim to earn abnormal returns. This supposal basic onlyy illustrates the relationship between comport charge and available learning on the linage, which is resounded in three institutes including strong discrepancy, semi-strong make up and rachitic form. f tout ensemble out of the three patterns, EMH at weak form states that historic prices tail end non be employ to make telephoneions about future occupation prices. This research paper exit examine the weak form EMH in the context of constituent melodic lines in the VN30 mightiness an adjusted index of VN- list (which is the mart index of Ho qi Minh burgeon forth Exchange, Vietnam).PART 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 haphazard qualifying surmise and good Market assumptionThe origin of line of merchandise grocery ability post be traced back to early twentieth nose potbellydy when Bachelier (1900) proposed his idea about Random Walk Hypothesis. This theory affirms that prices of past, present and up to now the future baffle no correlation in separate words, security measures prices tend to follow ergodicness and therefore be unpredictable. A a few(prenominal) studies around this issue were conducted in 1930s however, the Random Walk Theory was intensively discussed in the 1960s. Bacheliers work was then reinforced with the inception of in effect(p) Market Hypothesis (EMH) by Fama (1970). According to this theory, storehouses always trade at their intrinsic determine, m aking it impossible for investors to benefit from stock mispricing i.e. purchase undervalued stocks and wander overvalued stocks. As a result, the only way investors can earn a higher return than the market is by engaging in stakeier investments.Nowadays, the Random Walk Theory is referred to as the weak form of EMH, stating that stock prices argon random and past events have no influence on the authorized prices. Meanwhile, it is widely known that technical analysis is the science of utilise historical price patterns to anticipate future price movements. Hence, according to the weak form of EMH, there is no point in applying technical analysis to predict and beat the market.2.2 Research studies conducted towards Weak form of Efficient Market HypothesisMany studies have been carried out to investigate the weak form of Efficient Market Hypothesis, some of which fail to support the weak-form expertness. Srinivasan (2010) examines the validity of random walkway possibleness fo r two major stock markets in India, i.e. SP CNX NIFTY and SENSEX, using observations from initiatory July 1997 to 31st August 2010. The ruminate applied Augmented Dickey-Fuller examination and Phillips-Perron examen to point out that characteristics of random walk be non present in Indian stock exchanges hence, weak form aptitude is rejected in the human face of Indian markets. As a result, this provides concern opportunities for investors to earn abnormal returns since they can make predictions about future stock prices. Similarly, Singh et al., (2016) attempted the Efficient Market Hypothesis in Carbon Efficient Indices of India, the US, Japan and Brazil by using Kolmogrov-Smirnov test, Shapiro-Wilk test, runs test and autocorrelation test. The results from these statistical tests go bad that dailyclosing stock prices do not follow random walk in all countries under investigation. This is in line with Nwidobie Adesina (2014), who solve that Nigerian stock exchange is n ot efficient in weak form by employing the GARCH autoregressive model. This in aptitude, according to Nwidobie Adesina, whitethorn be explained by peculiar(a) discipline dissemination in the market, high trading and floatation costs, information hoarding and insider trading, as intumesce as poor implementation of investor egis laws in the country. The rejection of weak form efficiency is to a fault appoint in other emerging markets, evidenced by the studies of Islam, et al. (2005), Srivastava (2010), Bykalvarci Abdioglu (2011), Haroon (2012) and Agbam (2015).Other studies, on the other hand, show evidence of market efficiency in some economies. Andrianto Mirza (2016) practice sessiond daily stock price data collected from LQ45 Index, Jakarta Islamic Index and Kompas 100 Index during the occlusion 2013-2014 to examine weak form efficiency in Indonesia. The results from runs test and sequential correlation test demonstrate that Indonesia stock market follows weak form eff icient pattern. Specifically, the following conclusions are drawn from the demand 1) stock price movement is random 2) there is no correlations between the stock price movement of the present day and anterior days. Andrianto Mirza also suggest that investors use fundamental analysis to react quickly for available information, as well as utilize news from digital media to update market conditions. move on evidence supporting the weak form efficiency of capital markets may lie in the findings of Jiang, et al. (2014), who examined WTI crude rock oil futures prices from 1983 to 2012. Using boots lying in waitping technique, the academics confirm the efficiency of crude oil futures market, and state that the market is inefficient only in case of turbulent events, such as the oil price belt in 1985, the Gulf war, and the oil price crash in 2008.2.3 VN-Index, VN30 Index and VN30 stocks2.3.1 VN-IndexVN-Index is the index used to illustrate price fluctuations of company stocks listed on Ho ki Minh carnation Exchange (hosiery). The problem is that, VN-Index calculation takes into note all shares outstanding, which include free-float shares and restricted shares. Free-float shares are shares freely available for trading in the market (Standard and Poors, 2016). In contrast, restricted shares are not available for man trading as they are wetly held by control crowd, other publicly traded companies orgovernment agencies (Standard and Poors, 2016). As a result, some stocks such as GAS, VNM, MSN, VCB and BID can lifesizely influence VN-Index due to their large crook of restricted shares.2.3.2 VN30 Index and VN30 stocksThe VN30 Index (also known as VN30 rival Weight Index) was head start introduced to the market on February 2012, tracking the performance of the top 30 large-cap liquid stocks on the Ho Chi Minh metropolis stock exchange in Vietnam (Phoenix swell, 2017). This index can overcome the weaknesses of VN-Index in the following mannersCapitalization values of constituent stocks are found on the number of shares freely traded on the market (free-float)Restrict the immoderate influence of a particular stock by setting the capitalization weighed limit of 10%Among more than 300 stocks listed on HOSE categorized into 11 primary industries, stocks in VN30 field goal are present in 9 industries. Moreover, stocks in the VN30 ring represent about 80% of HOSE market capitalization and 60% of HOSE market volume (Dao, 2014).From the advantages above, it can be concluded that VN30 Index can represent the Ho Chi Minh market in terms of industries, market capitalization and liquidity. This makes VN30 Index a quite useful investment instrument for index funds.PART 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Data CollectionThis research paper employs the denary method to investigate the weak form of Efficient Market Hypothesis in the context of Vietnamese background. The study is based on inessential data, which are daily closing prices of stocks included in the VN30 basket. The data are collected from the database of Bao Viet Securities Company a well-known securities firm in Vietnam.It is illustrious that the VN30 basket is periodically reviewed and adjusted every six months on January and July (Dao, 2014). Since the introduction of VN30 Index in February 2012, the basket has been reviewed and adjusted totally 10 judgment of convictions. For the conclude of this study, not all 30 stocks in the basket are elect for analysis. Specifically, the stocks selected must meet the criterion of being consecutively included in the basket for the past five years. Put it another way, if stock A is included in the basket for one period precisely excluded for the contiguous period, stock A will not be considered as the bearing of this study. This ensures the continuity of the data and fair treatment for all stocks in the basket. later all, only 16 stocks meet the criterion (see Appendix A for the practiced list of stocks selected). Thei r closing prices are then collected for the examined period from 06th February 2012 (the first day of VN30 basket) until 20th January 2017 (the end of the latest reviewed period).3.2 Method of AnalysisThe data collected are analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics software version 20. Particularly, three tests are conducted to determine whether stocks selected are at weak-form efficiency, namely runs test, autocorrelation test and Ljung-Box Q statistic. The runs test is a non-parametric test that is designed to find out whether successive price changes are independent. The test is based on the premise that if a series of a data is random, the observed number of runs in the series should be close to the expected number of runs. In this context, the runs test at 5% implication level is used to test the following dead reckoningH1 Stocks in the VN30 basket follows random walkMeanwhile, autocorrelation (or serial correlation) test measures the correlation coefficient between the stock return at current period and its value in the previous period, whether the correlation coefficients are importantly different from cipher. In addition, the Ljung-Box Q (LBQ) statistic examines the reciprocal hypothesis that all autocorrelations are simultaneously equal to zero (that is, the data values are random and independent up to a certain number of lags). In this context, the autocorrelation test and Ljung-Box Q statistic (at 5% level of entailment) are employed to test the following hypothesisH2 There is no correlation between stock prices of today and previous daysIn short, the combination of tests mentioned above fiscal aid determine whether 16 selected stocks in the VN30 basket follows weak-form efficiency or not.PART 4 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS4.1 Results of Runs testTable 1 shows the results of the runs test based on daily closing stock prices of 16 chosen stocks.Table 1 Results of Runs testSTBVICSSIMSNFPTHAGKDCDPMVNMREEVCBTest treasurea17.2755.7621.5387.1445. 8319.2340.9733.45113.5523.1434.03Cases 461605651648560425601759547484698Cases = Test Value727583537540628763587429641704490Total Cases11881188118811881188118811881188118811881188Number of Runs38204118538717121010Z-32.222-33.379-32.139-33.487-31.453-34.042-34.134-33.478-33.840-33.942-33.944Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed).000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000Runs TestBVHHPGPVDCIIGMDTest Valuea47.3135.3148.1122.3329.84Cases 637660723627594Cases = Test Value551528465561594Total Cases11881188118811881188Number of Runs39893443Z-32.265-34.071-33.996-32.560-32.044Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed).000.000.000.000.000a. Mean pedigree IBM SPSSs result, 2017As can be seen from the above table, the actual number of runs is significantly less than the expected number of runs (total cases), which is evidenced by negative Z-values for all chosen stocks. Furthermore, it is observed that the significant values around the mean of all stocks are 0.000 which is below 0.05 (5% level of significance). This indicates th at 16 selected stocks do not follow random walk behaviour, resulting in the rejection of the inconstant hypothesis H1 which says stocks in the VN30 basket follows random walk.4.2 Results of Autocorrelation testThe results obtained from autocorrelation test and Ljung-Box Q statistic of 16 chosen stocks are presented in Table 2.Table 2 Results of Autocorrelation test and Ljung-Box Q statisticSource IBM SPSSs result, 2017As can be observed from Table 2, significant positive autocorrelation ( 0.8) is detected at all 16 lags for all chosen stocks. It is noted that positive autocorrelation suggests predictability of stock prices in the short term, which provides confirmatory evidence that goes against market efficiency (Bykalvarci Abdioglu, 2011).Moreover, evidence from Ljung-Box Q statistic seems to suggest dependence between current stock price and prices of previous periods. It is noticeable that p-values are all equal to zero for all lags on all 16 stocks. Therefore, the Q statistic fail to support the joint null hypothesis that all autocorrelation coefficients from lag 1 to 16 are equal to zero for the observed stocks. Put it another way, the null hypothesis H2 of absence of autocorrelation is strongly rejected for all lags at 5% significance level.4.3 Interpretation of findingsOn the basis of empirical results obtained from runs test, autocorrelation test and Ljung-Box Q statistic, both null hypotheses H1 and H2 are rejected. In other words, it can be concluded that 16 chosen stocks in the VN30 basket show no characteristics of weak-form efficiency. The findings of the current study are consistent with those of Truong et al. (2010), Vo Le (2013) and Do et al. (2014) who found that Vietnamese stock market is inefficient in the weak form. In general, the results of this study fight slew the Efficient Market Hypothesis (Fama, 1970) and Random Walk Theory (Bachelier, 1900).As noted in the lit review, empirical studies on the weak form of Efficient Market Hypo thesis in emerging markets have been good examined in recent years, as in cases of capital markets in India, Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan and Nigeria. Although these studies spawn mixed results, most of which suggest that Random Walk characteristic is not a good description of these markets. This study, by investigating a case study in Vietnam, further supports the idea of weak form inefficiency in emerging markets.The rejection of market efficiency in Vietnam have been proven by a number of studies. It seems possible that this inefficiency is due to gaps in Vietnamese fiscal system. Non-transparency in the disclosure of information, crowding effect and speculation are everyday phenomena in Vietnam stock exchanges thus, stock prices somehow do not reflect companies intrinsic values. These gaps are signals of an underdeveloped financial system (Fry, 1994 Leung, 2009) where asymmetric information, clean-living hazard and adverse filling are likely to be found (Islam, et al., 2005 ). As a result, investors are vulnerable to losing a substantial amount of money of money. Additionally, as Vietnam currently does not have a derivatives market, the investment risk can be more severe for investors.Since weak-form efficiency is not witnessed in this study, one implication of the result is that historical data and patterns may be used to make prediction about future stock prices. In other words, technical analysis might be employed by investors when making investment decisions to help them earn abnormal returns. Furthermore, as this study is based on daily data only, further research can test the Efficient Market Hypothesis by taking into account weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly or yearly data on a hourlong time horizon. Alternatively, future research studies may investigate the hypothesis in certain industries or different indices in Vietnam.4.4 LimitationsDue to the nature of the research question, there exists some study limitations which can partially c ontact the results objectivity. First, because of the selection criterion, only 16 out of 30 stocks are chosen for the economic consumption of the study. Therefore, it is difficult to generalise the findings to the on the whole VN30 basket since its establishment. Second, precision of data is shady since some data of closing stock prices are missing in some trading days. As a result, this somehow impacts the accuracy of statistical tests as well as their implications.PART 5 REFLECTION ON THE RESEARCH PROCESSAt the beginning of the research process, we realized that portfolio management is a massive region in finance therefore, narrowing down this topic was critical to our convocation as it would affect how we could construct several(prenominal) topics and research questions. However, the familiar topic of each was not in save of others, which caused conflicts in our discussions. Hence, it was important that we be aware of these conflicts and arrive at a reasonable compromise that is beneficial to the whole free radical (Hede, 2007 Wu et al., 2013). Eventually, since I had preceding finds of investing in the stock market for three years and had written a dissertation about technical analysis, I received the assurance from my fellows when I proposed the topic related to Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). On the one hand, I felt happy to have helped my group determine out the appropriate topic. On the other hand, I was a elflike bit worried as my group members had little exposure to financial markets. In fact, I acknowledged that having to work on an unfamiliar area could lower their motivation for the research (Boneva, 2008).When it came to work allocation, some serious issues arose as there was no leader in our group. Because most of the workloads were set by oral agreements without any meeting minutes, everyone was usually vague about their responsibilities. Furthermore, our discussions did not work very well because most of them took place throu gh WhatsApp group rather than face-to-face meetings, leading to frequent distractions from social networks. I bump these problems were really time-consuming and slowed down our groupwork performance. If I had been engaged in a similar project again, I would have nominated myself as the group leader so that I could assign workloads clearly and equally for everyone. I would have also suggested face-to-face meetings in order to have read conversations with members. This should have brought more efficiency to the group in terms of time and contributions.Another issue that obstructed our groupwork productivity was bad time management of my team members. We all had two deadlines for two reports on the same date, but while I devised plans to finish both of which with up to(predicate) efforts, my partners fell into the trap of procrastination. Being rushed for two assignments at the same time was in spades not a good idea as it would negatively affect the performances of both (Peper, et al., 2014). To avoid this situation, we should have drawn up a timeline for the whole group so that everyone could effectively devote their time to each assignment.With regards to literature search and data collection phase, some members in the group seemed to be passive in finding articles and sharing ideas to their peers. They neither knew how to write an adequate literature review nor kinds of online sources they could employ. I feel this was partly due to their lose of background in finance and partly because they had never conducted any positive research studies before. Although this annoyed the rest of group members, we understood that this sometimes could be unavoidable in a multicultural group. We tried to give them as many related articles as possible and instructed them about skim and say technique in order to pick essential readings. In fact, we should have reported the issue to the tutor from the beginning of the research so that those fall behind could receive addit ional trainings in research skills.In summary, this experience has taught me valuable lessons that are quite useful for me in future career, including how to pass and collaborate with members in a multinational group, as well as things to do to become a good leader. I have also learnt more about how to improve time management skills, and how to resolve conflicts occurring during group works. Finally, I think I should speak my mind more much in the future if it is for the sake of the whole group.References Agbam, A. S., 2015. Tests of Random Walk and Efficient Market Hypothesis in Developing Economies Evidence from Nigerian Capital Market. International diary of Management Sciences, 5(1), pp. 1-53.Andrianto, Y. Mirza , A. R., 2016. A Testing of Efficient Markets Hypothesis in Indonesia Stock Market. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 219, p. 99-103.Bachelier, L., 1900. Louis Bacheliers Theory of Speculation. 1st ed. Princeton Princeton University Press.Boneva, D. L., 2008. Effects of Work Ethic and Social Identification on pauperization in Groups. Illinois ProQuest.Bykalvarci, A. Abdioglu, H., 2011. Testing the weak form efficiency of the Turkish stock market. African Journal of contrast Management, 5(34), pp. 13044-13056.Dao, T. B., 2014. VN30 Index An Overview and Default Probability Analysis. Social Science Research Network (SSRN).Do, T. T. N., Le, T. B. Nguyen, T. T., 2014. Stock market efficiency in emerging markets Evidence from Vietnamese stock market. s.l., s.n.Fama, E., 1970. Efficient Capital Markets A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance, 25(2), pp. 383-417.Fry, M., 1994. Money, Interest, and trusting in Economic Development. 2nd ed. Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press.Haroon, M. A., 2012. Testing the Weak Form capability of Karachi Stock Exchange. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 6(2), pp. 297-307.Hede, A., 2007. The shadow group Towards an rendering of interpersonal conflict in work groups. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(1), pp. 25 39.Investopedia, 2016. Portfolio Management. Online Available at http//www.investopedia.com/terms/p/portfoliomanagement.aspAccessed 15 March 2017.Islam, S., Watanapalachaikul, S. Clark, C., 2005. are Emerging Financial Markets Efficient? Some Evidence from the Models of the Thai Stock Market. Melbourne, Centre for Strategic Economic Studies.Jiang, Z.-Q., Xie, W.-J. Zhou, W.-X., 2014. Testing the weak-form efficiency of the WTI crude oil futures market. Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 405, p. 235-244.Leung, S., 2009. Banking and Financial Sector Reforms in Vietnam. Asean Economic Bulletin, 26(1), pp. 44-57.Nwidobie, B. M. Adesina, J. B., 2014. CAPITAL MARKET EFFICIENCY. AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE WEAK-FORM IN THE Nigerian CAPITAL MARKET. Journal of Advanced Studies in Finance, 2(10), pp. 164-170.Peper, E., Harvey, R., Lin, I.-M. Duvvuri, P., 2014. change magnitude Productivity, Decrease Pr ocrastination, and Increase Energy. Biofeedback, 42(2), p. 82-87.Phoenix Capital, 2017. VN30 EQUAL WEIGHT TOTAL RETURN INDEX. Online Available at http//www.customindices.spindices.com/indices/custom-indices/vn30-equal-weight-total-return-indexAccessed 18 March 2017.Singh, R., Leepsa, N. M. Kushwaha, N., 2016. Testing the weak form of efficient market hypothesis in carbon efficient stock indices along with their bench mark indices in select countries. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 9(3), pp. 627-650.Srinivasan, P., 2010. Testing weak-form efficiency of indian stock markets. Asia Pacific Journal of Research in Business Management, 1(2), pp. 134-140.Srivastava, A., 2010. Are Asian Stock Markets Weak-Form Effcient An Evidence from India. Asia-Pacifc Business Review, 6(4), pp. 5-11.Standard and Poors, 2016. roll Adjustment Methodology, s.l. SP Global.Truong, D. L., Lanjouw, G. Lensink, R., 2010. Stock-Market Efficiency in Thin-Trading Markets The Case of the Vietnamese Stock M arket. apply Economics, 42(27), pp. 3519-3532.Vo, X. V. Le, D. B. T., 2013. Empirical Investigation of Efficient Market Hypothesis in Vietnam Stock Market. Social Science Research Network (SSRN).Wu, K. et al., 2013. Supporting group collaboration in Wiki by increasing the awareness of task conflict. Aslib Proceedings innovative Information Perspectives, 65(6), pp. 581 604.Appendix A List of chosen stocks in the VN30 basket based on the selection criterionNo.TICKER club NAMES1STBSai Gon Thuong Tin Commercial junction Stock Bank2VICVingroup Joint Stock Company3SSISai Gon Securities Incorporation4MSNMasan Group Corporation5FPTFPT Corporation6HAGHoang Anh Gia Lai Joint Stock Company7KDCKinh Do Corporation8DPMPetroVietnam plant food Chemicals Corporation9VNMViet Nam Dairy Products Joint Stock Company10REERefrigeration Electrical Engineering Corporation11VCBBank for distant Trade of Vietnam12

A New Beauty Plastic Surgery Media Essay

A New mantrap Plastic Surgery Media EssayThe military man desire to appear lovable has been universal ever since mankind can remember. People rent been retrieve for the secret of beauty and youth throughout history and in exclusively give aways of the tangibleness. Both custody and women went through legion(predicate) things to blameless their beauty. many an(prenominal) hatful consider the desire to be beautiful as a universal switch off, but what is often all over sceneed is that the definition of beauty is endlessly different. Beauty in a way depends on where and when a mortal is. Since beauty is only a matter of what is beautiful in the optic of the beholder, it depends on one s culture and socialization. The progress in tractile surgical process, want in around of the medical discoveries, has grown enormously for hundreds of years. It was non until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that the specialty forged ahead scientifically. Beca pulmonary tu berculosis of the awful injuries it often inflicted on its participants, war was the driving force behind most bendable mathematical process developments during the late 1800s and betimes 1900s. In fact it was the war that catapulted tensile mathematical operation into a impudent and higher realm. Cosmetic waxy cognitive process is per marked in order to change one s mien and opinions and ideas of it have neer stopped growing as well.Plastic operating theater is a medical specialty refer with the correction or restoration of form and function. For nigh, it whitethorn mean redesigning the proboscis s contour and shape, the elimination of wrinkles, or eliminating balding argonas.. While famous for esthetic surgical operation, ductile functioning similarly includes many types of reconstructive cognitive operation, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of sheers. The word waxy derives from the classical plastikos meaning to mould or to shape non be subj ect of its use of formative in any way. constructive fictile surgery is performed to correct usable impairments relieve oneself by burns traumatic injuries, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as facial work up fractures congenital abnormalities developmental abnormalities infection and disease and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance.The most common reconstructive mathematical processs are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction. According to the the Statesn Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women increased in 2007 by 2 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men also increased in 2007 by 7 percent. or so other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and cre ating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent. Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer interweave for coverage of a defect when no local anesthetic tissue is available. Free flaps of skin, muscle, bone, eke out, or a combination may be distant from the dead body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.Aesthetic plastic surgery involves techniques think for the enhancement of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal. In 2006, n early on 11 one thousand thousand augmentative procedures were performed in the unite States alone. The number of augmentative procedures performed in the joined States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were perfor med in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, palpebra surgery and abdominoplasty. The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases hold inn among African-Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the heartbeat largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business.7Because human beings have continuously sought out self-fulfillment through self- advancement, plastic surgery may be one of the world s opera hat solution for this universal problem. According to the Plastic Surgery Information Service, in that respect is written medical evidence that cites medical treatment for facial injuries for over 4000 years. Physicians, in ancient India, were utilizing skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as 800 BC. Further more than, the driving force behind most plastic surgery development was to repair awful an d rather solemn war injuries in the 1900 s. there were shattered jaws and blown off noses which required innovative restorative procedures. at that place was much good news to report to the American people in the post war days of the 1950.As with other areas of information and medicine, plastic surgery discoveries were happening at break-neck speeds, often derived from innovations tested in hospitals of Korea. Cosmetic surgery took off here after South Korea s spectacular recovery from its currency crisis a few decades ago. Rising reenforcement standards allowed ever-growing numbers of men and women to get the wider eyes, whiter skin and higher nose link up that define beauty for many here. Improved sayings were even seen as providing an keenness in this high-pressure beau monde s intense competition for jobs, gentility and marriage partners. But turmoil coursing through the financial world and then into the global economy has hit South Korea hard, as it has many middle -in jazz countries. The downturn drove down the stock market and the currency by a third or more last year, and the resulting anxiety pressure many South Koreans to change their habits. In hard times, people always cut back on luxuries deal eating out, jewelry and plastic surgery, said one plastic surgeon, Park Hyun, who has seen the number of his patients drop sharply. If this is a normal recession, then these desires will eventually get reignited, and our patients will come back. It is hard to measure the exact size of the industry here or the extent of the current downturn because no one keeps exact figures. From a luxury limited to the wealthy a decade ago plastic surgery has give way so common that an estimated 30 percent of Korean women aged 20 to 50, or some 2.4 million women, had surgical or nonsurgical cosmetic procedures last year, with many having more than one procedure. That compares with 11.7 million cosmetic procedures performed last year in the United States, acco rding to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, meaning that the number of procedures in America is 4.9 times the number in South Korea, though the United States people is more than six times larger.As the 1960 s began, plastic surgery became even more prominent in the minds of the American public as the scope of procedures performed by surgeons increased, along with many scientific developments. A new substance, silicone, began to emerge as an important tool for doctors. Silicone was initially used to treat skin imperfections and is now overly used as a breast implant device. All parts of the human body, it seemed, could benefit from the cleverness of the plastic surgeon to perfect the body. Liposuction and breast augmentation are the two most frequently requested cosmetic surgery procedures. Liposuction is a process where fat is sucked out of the body while doctors insert large amounts of salt water, lidocaine, and epinephrine into tissue. These drugs reduce blood loss and provide an anestheis. Various cosmetic surgeries including the facelift, necklift, sight tuck, and arm and thigh lift surgeries require liposuction. Plastic surgeons say that liposuction is quite safe. But researchers write that liposuction can be fatal, perhaps in part because of lidocaine toxicity of lidocaine-related drug infections. But, there are more risks associated with this operation referable to the fact that the fat and its surrounding tissues generate dead tissue. If the fat become necrotic from the lack of blood supply the fat tends to turn chromatic in color and drain from the incision. If this is to occur, the patient must have the tissue removed immediately before an infection spreads. more doctors agree that liposuction is not the way to loose weight. In actuality not much fat-weight is removed inner a single procedure, nor is it safe to do. This operation is meant for people who have serious weight-related heath problems and not besides to lose thos e few last pounds. There was a time when only Hollywood stars had their own plastic surgeon. There was also a time when own a big assort TV or belonging to a health club was an sensational status symbol. But this is a new century, and these days, it is not unnatural for many people to visit a plastic surgeon on occasion.As medical technologies have boomed over the past two decades, plastic surgery has made incredible advantages in both reconstructing accidental injuries and congenital deformities and in helping erase the attach, wrinkles and sags of encroaching age. Whether it is pileing a portion of the body to make it look normal or improving the normal features of the body to make it look even more aesthetically pleasing, the tendency of the plastic surgeon is to help the patients to look and come up good closely him or herself. It has seen an amazing growth in popularity in recent years. These days men and women discuss having nose jobs, facelifts, and tummy tucks as if i t was normal everyday activity. to a greater extent importantly there is a rather disturbing underlying issue among us wherefore is our society conducting such surgery in the head start place? It seems now as we turn through an issue of near every magazine we see beautiful men and women all with perfect bodies and flawless faces. The issue over Americas poor self esteem and body image explains wherefore so many people are having such cosmetic surgeries they simple do not live up to society s so-called standards. According to an article published by Today, as any good plastic surgeon will stress, plastic surgery shouldn t be done to impress others but to make you feel good about yourself. More and more people are use cosmetic surgery to improve their self-image rather that other more hefty methods to improve body image or lose weight. Instead of publicize cosmetic surgery as the simple and practical way to become beautiful, our society needs to charge on reality.Todays adver tisements constantly remind us that wrinkles are now not only unsatisfactory signs of age, but are rather simple manifestations that can be prevented and corrected. It seems that this millenniums fountain of youth is expert and restores upstart appearance with scientific and medical know-how. Statistics arrangement that use of such age-defying measures is growing each year among women and men. Over the course of the twentieth century, improvements in sanitation, healthcare, and nutrition dramatically increased the average biographyspan in the United States. At present, it is for the most part taken for granted that an averageAmerican will live beyond the middle years. Americans no longer focus simply on living longer we want to live better, look better as we age. Science, medicine, and other fields aim to make this goal possible by slowing our biological clocks, fighting the diseases of age, and restoring our sense of youth. Many gerontologists and related practitioners now foc us on positive aging rather than ugly concept emphasizing the problems of aging, with the goal of providing alternative representations of later life and challenging against stereotypes. Indeed, many forces are currently working to alter the commence and image of aging in order to improve what aging feels like as well as what aging looks like.Plastic surgery possesses a longer history than nonsurgical anti-aging procedures, dating back to the Renaissance at least. Initial increases in plastic surgery were primarily due to the epidemic of syphilis that occurred in Europe in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In twentieth-century America, wartime doctors used cosmetic surgery to remove the marks of battle and allow veterans to pass as the everyday citizens they had been. This practice provided authenticity to and invoked widespread interest in the benefits of cosmetic surgery.What began as a situational medical procedure has since become a mass marketed, derive-dri ven industry. Todays recipients of plastic surgery endure the procedures to pass as more sexy, fit, and desirable. In the case of and-aging surgeries, however, individuals alter their appearance topass as youthfulnesser than they are, though of course they can never actually become younkerer or effect a policy change of the calendar. Many critics argue that recipients of and-aging surgery rarely succeed in exceedingly anyway?they wind up looking weird rather than young. Still, statistics show that reducing the signs of aging through cosmetic surgery has become an more and more popular and profitable. Americans spend near $12.5 billion on cosmetic procedures in 2004 (American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 2004). Of these procedures, two of the top five surgeries in each gender group specifically targeted signs of aging eyelid surgery and facelift for women, eyelid surgery and hair transplantation for men. People ages 35-50 underwent 45 percent of total procedures, those 51-64 underwent 25 percent (ASAPS, 2004). It seems that many aging Americans entrust that looking younger is looking better, and they hope to improve their self-image and enjoy more favorable social outcomes through surgical alteration. Here, surgery passes for self improvement and a viable step in the American pursuit of happiness.Why do so many Americans feel the need to retain youthful appearances? Changes in economicand employment patterns, the rise of image-based media (TV, scene, ads), and the growing significance of consumer identities each contributes to a cultural desire for youth and to negative feelings toward old age.In a capitalist culture, reflecting a youthful, vital appearance may enable workers to be identified as desirable employees and to retain their corporate value (and jobs) a little longer. Images in the media compound this perceived need to reflect youth. In the case of women, it does not require deep analysis to notice that young models and actresses outn umbermiddle-aged and older models and actresses in popular media. Television and film content is filled with women in their 20s and 30s blessed with beauty and romanticistic opportunities. Representations in lifestyle and beauty advertisements also could lead one to hope that women over the age of 40 have less of a social and romantic life and are not a part of the definition of beauty. In the past few years, talk of plastic surgery has left the cover of the physicians office and entered the public domain. Celebrities now openly discuss procedures they have undergone. wide-cut television series exist around the subject of aesthetic procedures including rudiment Extreme Makeover and FiCs Nip/Tuck. Popular networks FOX, Vhi, E, TLC, and MTV also air programs utilise to the subject. So-called reality-based programs attempt to provide viewers with a glimpse of real people like themselves undergoing plastic surgery and suggest that anyone can do it. With increased representations o f aesthetic enhancements and new images of aging, the cultural climate has changed. Looking young is looking good, and technologically or surgically achieving a younger look is socially acceptable. Under such cultural conditions, who would want to look old, and why should one not use the technologies available to enhance his or her aging appearance?Americans do not always trust the messages of the media, but they do trust the opinions and recommendations of their healthcare providers. Physicians could tell older people that they look just fine, that a change in appearance with aging is normal and acceptable and to go home. But if they do, they may disappoint their patients or, more personally, sacrifice profit from out-of-pocket procedures and product sales. Some physicians contend that if they can help a patient feel better through aesthetic changes, it is just cause and falls within their job description. In this view, feeling better about aging is indeed aging positively, and thi s is the ultimate goal?even if it representation changing what aging looks like.Plastic surgery has been, and always will prevent to be, a controversial subject in many ways. Plastic surgery has become increasingly common today for a variety of reasons, and unfathomable individuals are consulting cosmetic surgeons with the hopes of looking the way they have always dream of looking. Reconstructive surgery is a wonderful gift to those born with produce defects, or those scarred or maimed by an accident of some sort. Today however, the increasing trend of plastic surgery is leaning toward the cosmetic factor. Plastic, cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries all have an important psychological proportionality in the U.S. Many people in Western societies place a great deal of importance on physical importance. Plastic surgery can effect an individual s emotional state tremendously. It is light to have the breasts you want, to have smoother skin, to have extra fat removed from your st omach and thighs, and to have numerous other body parts increase or amended. The physical effects of plastic surgery are really amazing. Many people claim that their lives have changed for the better because of cosmetic surgical enhancements. These enhancements have restored their confidence and created a brand new self-image for them. They actually feel better, and doesn t that make it worth it? There are drawbacks, however. While reconstructive surgery gives people the chance to look what is deemed normal again, doesn t cosmetic surgery teach us that, for the most part, looks are the most important physical aspect in our society? From this aspect, the emotional effects of plastic surgery on society can be harrowing. What do you see when you look in the mirror? Do you see yourself or do you see the results of modern day surgery? Plastic surgery has attached people the opportunity to change their entire appearance, and has taken the word makeover to a whole new height. It seems th at everywhere you go people are using plastic surgery to change their physical appearance. Although this may sound great, the impartiality behind all the hype isnt so wonderful. Many of the unfortunate few that see the downsides of plastic surgery can not do anything to fix their situation.Besides looking at the defects that plastic surgery can cause physically, you must also examine the defects of it from a moral aspect. Do you believe that it is morally right to change the body that God gave you, and to transform that into something youre not? One of the great things about the human race is that there is no one person exactly like yourself, so why do you want to throw away your ability to be who you are, to be mortal your not? Finally, the most common reason to go through with this procedure is to make yourself look good, and to try to make others like you. The truth of the matter, however, is that if someone only likes you because of you bought appearance then they dont actual ly like you, they merely like the results of present day plastic surgery. Instead of worrying about your outside appearance you should concern yourself more with what you are like on the inside rather than what you are like on the outside. Even though plastic surgery may make you look good physically, you cant flummox a price on true beauty, the beauty that comes from within.

Health Promotion Strategies for Smoking Cessation

wellness promotional material Strategies for bullet CessationDrawing on appropriate literature, provide a sarcastic analysis of the application of wellness advance philosophies, principles and speak toes underpinning populace health entrust in parity to a relevant thing (e.g. any public health policy in the UK)The chosen public health topic is smoke. The student has selected this subject because it is a authentic issue of particular relevance because of the prohibition to premises becoming stinkpot- free if they argon open to the public, overdue to be executed in England in July 2007 (Health Act 2006). Smoking is in addition an important topic because it has been identified as the single most signifi poopt public health problem in the UK (Royal College of Physicians 2000) approximately 114,000 smokers in the UK gnarl as a result of weed ( carry through on Smoking and Health 2005). The treatment of heater- relate conditions costs the National Health Service (N HS) up to 1.7 billion per year with an estimated cost of 1.7 million to British industry either year as the result of lost working hours caused by hummer- colligate illness (Gommans 2005).According to Tannahill (1985) health publicity is a broad plan which encompasses health education and health barroom. Health education refers to working with groups and soulfulnesss to put forward healthy behaviours, whereas health hold backion refers to strategies which prevent ill- health much(prenominal) as immunisation.Public health is defined asThe science and art of preventing disease, prolonging flavour and promoting health through organised efforts of society (Acheson 1988)This definition implies a incorporated orgasm however public health has been criticised as being health checkly dominated (McPherson 2001).Philosophies of health promotion provide a framework for exploring our rationale and justification for wanting to change health- related behaviour. Seedhouse (2002) refers to health promotion as a moral endeavour in opposite words health professionals be required to make appreciations near if, how and when to intervene in relation to the health behaviours of patients, clients and service users, taking into ac think individual pick ups and priorities. In some cases health behaviours affect non only the individual just others, also this applies to the cause of secondary smoking, for example. Taking into account the secondary effects of health behaviours may impact upon the moral endeavour of health professionals and health policy makers. Moral judgements underpin the work of health professionals the student recalls an resultant when a lady jump ond 100 who had smoked all of her self-aggrandizing life and who clearly did not shed long to live, asked to be helped to smoke a cigarette. This simple act gave her pleasure and it seemed irrational and unkind not to answer to her request. Moral judgements are not always straightforward.Philosophic al principles applicable to health promotion include logic the development of reas bingled crinkle (Naidoo and Wills 2000a). Our arguments for changing health-related behaviour are secern- based involving for example, the type of statistics near smoking highlighted in para 1 of this summon. in that location is a walloping corpse of evidence which subscribe tos the argument that smoking is damaging to health and yet, as discussed yet on (para.2, p.4), it give the bounce be seen that individuals do not always respond to logical reasoned argument in relation to modifying health- behaviours.Epistemology, another philosophic principle, is touch with the debate about truth, in this case exploring what health truly means. There are different models of health including the medical and favorable models. The medical model is concerned with the categorisation of illness and disease and with specific medical interventions given by the expert (the health professional) to the patien t, who has traditionally been a peaceful recipient of this expert advice and intervention. A brotherly model of health involves a broader interpretation of health which is influenced by a range of determinants, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as age, gender, socioeconomic factors, education and environment. Within this model, strategies to improve health status imbibe a wider perspective than the medical model, seeking to address the aforementioned determinants. In relation to health promotion, the medical model might not take for into amity, factors which affect the individuals behaviour such as their socioeconomic status. There is evidence that smoking behaviour is to a greater extent prevalent among more than disadvantaged socioeconomic groups (Gulliford et al 2003). It is important therefore to take into consideration this and other, factors when developing health promotion strategies and not to reduce the issue to one of the endowment and receiving of instruction with an assumption that behaviour pass on be limited as a result.Health promotion philosophies are also concerned with ethics. The theory of ethics is divided into two main categories deontological and consequential. Deontology is concerned with our handicraft to be nourish according to a set of moral principles. On page 1, paragraph 5, the issues/ dilemmas involved for health professionals in making moral judgements, were referred to. consequential ethics are based on the premise that a judgment about whether an action is right or wrong is dependent on its end result, in other words whether the ends justify the means. This has some provoke implications for health promotion. Further on (p.4) some health promotion strategies are discussed including a debate about the use of legislation, i.e. enforcement, to bring about health- related behavioural change. As stated earlier (para.1, p.1) this issue is of particular relevance to smoking. The argument for enforcement is that the end result of reducing smoking behaviours and resultant advance in health status as well as nest egg made to the cost of health electric charge, justifies the prohibition legislation.Broad forward motiones to health promotion reflect the models of health referred to (para. 2 on this page) and are categorised by Naidoo and Wills (2000b) as medical/ preventative behavioural change educational empowerment and societal change. Within the medical approach there are troika takes of prevention primary, secondary and tertiary. To apply these specifically to smoking the primary level aims to prevent smoking behaviour before it begins, the secondary level is concerned with preventing the regaining of a smoking- related illness or disease by encouraging the patient to give up smoking and the tertiary level is about promoting quality of life within a chronic condition such as diabetes, in which case the message would be that the individuals quality of life would be optimised if they do not smoke. The behavioural approach focuses on lifestyle issues (Laverack 2004) Emphasis is placed upon the individuals certificate of indebtedness for health which does not take into account factors outwith the individuals discipline and as such, this approach has been criticised for being victim- blaming (Tones and Tilford 2001), shifting responsibility away from the governing body for example, in relation to individual health status.The educational approach is slight about placing responsibility on individuals in relation to their health- related behaviours and more about giving information and facilitating batch to make informed choices about their lifestyle choices. This approach relates to the rational- empirical dodge described encourage on (para. 2, p.4) as it is based on the assumption that giving people information bequeath lead to attitudinal and behavioural change. As will be seen, this does not always happen. This approach is also dependent on a level of concordance from th e individual, for example a commitment to attend regular sessions as part of an educational programme.The empowerment approach reflects the normative- re-educative strategy described further on (para. 4, p. 4) and entails giving people the means to have increased swear over the determinants that affect their health status. This involves community participation, a collective approach which is embedded within the philosophy of public health. According to Laverack (2004) there can be different interpretations of what constitutes a community. We tend to deal in terms of a geographical community a locality. It might be more effective in health promotion terms to think of a community as a group with shared characteristics, such as young people. The reality of community participation is that it tends to be more evident among communities who are educated and higher up the socioeconomic scale. state who are disadvantaged are less lilkely to be motivated to enrol in health- related progra mmes- they may feel marginalised and are preoccupied with the issues that their bunk presents, such as concerns about housing and income health promotion is not viewed as a priority, and smoking might be used as a means of helping them to cope with adversity (Hanson Hoffman 1998).This leads onto the notion of the social change approach. This is quite a complex concept that involves health promotion initiating and driving social change in order to improve conditions that are conducive to health (Erben et al 2000). mixer change would involve making the sorts of improvements that would place health issues more firmly on everybodys agenda. There are many factors that contribute to social change such as legislation and shifts in ideas about codes of behaviour. For example, attitudes about sexual behaviour have changed over the years, contributing to health issues such as increased relative incidence of sexually transmitted disease and a rise in young pregnancies (Measor et al 2000). There is some indication that social attitudes to smoking have changed (Moonie 2005) which is arguably, a positive development some smokers report that they feel manage social pariahs The social change approach is underpinned by an ac familiarityment of the complexity of what influences health- related behaviours and can be linked to the social model of health, discussed in para. 2, p.2.Specific health promotion methods are quite diverse including giving information in a didactic manner, for example via talks to large groups lobbying local health and Government authorities making use of the corporation media (for example there is currently a television information advert about the early signs of myocardial infarction) working with groups teaching social or life skills that are related to health status publicity events, e.g. health fairs facilitating community groups enforcing health regulation one to one advice and education networking and liaising with other workers instructing on specific techniques, such as self-administration of insulin facilitating self help groups and change health promotion by the provision of support services such as childcare and interpreting facilities (Naidoo and Wills 2000c). Most of these methods can be adapted for use with smoking cessation.The change strategies framework by Bennis (1976) can be applied to health behavioural change and is of particular relevance to anti- smoking legislation. It includes three strategies for take about change which are based on different assumptions about military personnel behaviour, and which, when applied to health promotion, involve three distinctly different approaches. The first strategy (rational- empirical), is based on the guesswork that knowledge is power. Within this strategy it is assumed that an individual will modify their health- related behaviour in response to receiving reliable and valid information. For example, if the government or a health professional issues advice ab out the dangers of smoking, the individual should reduce or cease their smoking habit. It is well- known that this often does not happen even some health professionals smoke, despite their level of knowledge about the dangers (McKenna 2001). The reasons for this are usually related to dependence. It is also possible that human beings adopt Freudian mental defence mechanisms, which are maladaptive lintel strategies used (in this instance) to circumvent evidence of the negative consequences of a health- related behaviour, such as smoking. These include denial, intellectualisation (which involves citing contradictory evidence), or rationalisation, among others (Lupton 1995). Resorting to these defences can profane the power of knowledge and evidence, however valid and reliable it is.The second strategy (power- coercive) involves the use of legislation and policy change in order to enforce health- related change. A good example of this is the anti- smoking legislation referred to in p aragraph 1, page 1. There is some evidence to demonstrate that no- smoking policies do have the effect of reducing smoking behaviour (Brigham et al 1994). There has been criticism of the legislation as it is seen by some as an infringement of the individuals right to choose. all the same this view is countered by the argument that the health of non- smokers can be adversely affected by cigarette smoke, and these people have the right to be protected (HM treasury 2004). It appears that many non- smokers feel that they should be safeguarded from the effects of passive smoking (Pilkington et al 2006).The first two strategies adopt a top- down approach whereas the one-third strategy (normative- re-educative) is based on the assumption that an individual is more apparent to change their health- related behaviour if they have had involvement in bringing about the change if they feel empowered. This approach underpins some of the health promotion strategies referred to in para. 1 of th is page for example facilitating community groups. However as discussed earlier (para. 2, p.3), it seems likely that community participation and empowerment might be of limited value within certain groups, such as people who are disadvantaged or marginalised.In conclusion, it appears that a multi- faceted approach motifs to be adopted in order to address health- behaviours which are harmful to health, in this instance smoking. The starting point is that there is plus evidence that smoking is harmful to health, and can lead to premature death, as cited in para.1, p.1. The question of whether we have the right to choose to smoke can be challenged because of the evidence- base that demonstrates that smoking can affect the health of others (para. 3, p. 4). However it is important to recognise that people who smoke need adequate support and resources in order to be able to stop. There is existing evidence that legislative and policy change can reduce smoking behaviours (para. 3, p.4) a nd it will be interesting to see the outcomes of the current legislation (para. 1, p. 1). However, smokers also need clear, unambiguous messages about the effects of smoking, consistent support from health professionals and friendly information about smoking cessation services (Kerr et al 2006).ReferencesAcheson D. freelancer Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. London Stationery Office 1988.Action on Smoking and Health Factsheet No. 2. Smoking Statistics Illness and Death. ash 2005.Bennis et al The Planning of Change Holt Rinehart and Winston 1976Brigham J, Gross J, Stitzer M and Felch L do of a restricted work-site smoking policy on employees who smoke. Am J Public Health. 84(5) 1994 pp. 773778.Department of Health. Health Act 2006. Part 1 Chapter 1. 2006.Erben R, Franzkowiak P and Wenzel E. People empowerment vs. social capital from health promotion to social marketing. Health Promotion ledger of Australia. 9(3) 2000 pp. 179-182Gommans J, Bunton J and MacDonald G. Hea lth Promotion second Edition. Routledge. 2005. p.189.Gulliford M, Sedgwick J and Pearce A. Cigarette smoking, health status, socio-economic status and access to health care in diabetes mellitus a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Service Research 2003 pp. 3 4.Hanson Hoffman. Recovery from Smoking Second Edition Quitting with the 12 Step swear out Revised Second Edition. Hazelden. P.1Kerr S, Watson H, Tolson D, Lough M and Brown M. Smoking after the age of 65 years a qualitative exploration of older current and former smokers views on smoking, stopping smoking, and smoking cessation resources and services. Health and Social Care in the Community. 14(6) 2006 pp. 572-582,Laverack G. Health Promotion Practice Building charge Communities. wise publications. 2004. pp. 21, 22, 44.Lupton D. The Imperative of Health public health and the regulated body. clear-sighted Publications. 1995. p. 111.Mckenna H, Slater P, McCance T, Bunting B, Spiers A and McElwee G. Qualified nurses smoking prevalence their reasons for smoking and desire to quit. journal of Advanced Nursing. 35(5). 2001. pp.769-75McPherson K. Public health does not need to be led by doctors for. BMJ. 30 322(7302) 2001 p.31596.Measor L, Tiffin C and miller K. Young Peoples Views on Sex Education Education, Attitudes and Behaviour. Routledge 2000. p.4.Moonie N (Ed.) GCE AS train Health and Social Care Double Award Book. Harcourt Heinemann. 2005. p.29Naidoo J. Wills J. Health Promotion foundations for practice (2nd edition). London, Baillire Tindall 2000. pp. 113Pilkington P, Gray S. Gilmore and A. Daykin N. Attitudes towards second hand smoke amongst a highly exposed workforce survey of London casino workers. Journal of Public Health. 28(2) 2006 pp.104-110Royal College of Physicians. Nicotine addiction in Britain A report of the tobacco plant Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. RCP 2000.Seedhouse D. Ethics the heart of healthcare. Second Edition. flush toilet Wiley and Sons.. 2002. Ch apter 2Tannahill A What is Health Promotion? Health Education Journal 44(4) 1985 pp. 167-8Tones K and Green J Health Promotion Planning and Strategies. Sage Publications. 2004. p. 16.Tones K and Tilford S. Health Promotion effectiveness, efficiency and equity. Nelson Thornes. 2001. p. 28.Total word count 2752

Methods in Carrying Out A Research Project

Methods in Carrying Out A Research Project go away one of this module was to high idle the query orders inevitable to carry push through a Work Based Research Project. The interrogation utilisationd aimed to deliver the different faces of research methods addressable, evaluate them and determine the enamor general anatomy of method to use that was relevant to the chosen face field. In carrying forbidden this research function assorted existing literature that kick the buckets a clear insight into this bindingic was analysed and a review of these was written to form a critical and objectional public opinion on the subject. The firstly module enabled me to decide on the distinguish font of research most relevant to the subject chosen. My chosen topic for research was regarding the clothing of Personal Protective Equipment P.P.E. within the steel-fixing industry and the title of this job is The befuddle on of light oculus apology and gloves for steel fixing Is it forever and a day practical and do the benefits exceed the run a happens?Background of the require for this take officular subjectHaving reached for numerous years within the steel-fixing industry I corroborate witnessed many changes especially on the larger civil engineering sites. The introduction of gloves and light oculus def extirpateive cover is by many an issue that take ons to be addressed because by many they are deemed un needed, uncomfortable and are yet seen as a way of satisfying the primary(prenominal) asseverators insurance polity needs when t terminusering for sour. With this in mind it was deemed necessary to bring into force in the raw legislation and this was when The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPEW Regulations),were implemented with them pickings effect on 1 January 1993. The PPEW Regulations were able to micturate clear the patterns on the Use of PPE in the Workplace. (www.hse.gov.uk) this overbold leg islation was indispensable to enforce the have on of P.P.E. in the workplace and it as well highlighted the directives for the new(a) regulations both the employer and employee were anticipate to draw together to. In section four of the regulations it highlights the duties of the employer to provide suitable P.P.E. for all of their employees verbalise to be at risk unless the risk considered to be adequately controlled at source by other means. If it was deemed necessary for the article of clothing of certain types of P.P.E. the employers were expected to abide by certain rules when creation asked to supply the equipment. It had to be appropriate for the risks involved the work conditions and the place it was macrocosm expected to be wearied. The headspringness of workers would withal need to be considered along with the comfort, efficiency, base hit, and ease of use for the workers it needed to be effective in controlling the risks but still had to surpass in line w ith the current EC requirement for P.P.E. .Although the directives within these new regulations were supposed to be beneficial to employers and employees alike they are still by or so considered to being used too generic.Compatibility was the next issue concerning the new rules. It was alright to supply P.P.E. to the workers but if it was non compatible with other forms of P.P.E. it could via media the health and golosh of s aid workers. With the shifting tide towards added health and safety more and more increases were become available on the market. With the use of spirit and come ab bulge come verboten of the closet protection being the subject of this topic a air into the different types of harvest- whiles available has been researched and the findings highlight a precise extensive go astray of products on offer.Safety gawk have of all meter been an almost quotidian used piece of protective equipment used in the garnishting of steel with abrasive wheels, which i s a wheel do of abrasive violateicles stuck together with various substances. Serious friction burns, crushed fingers and loss of heartsight are leafy vegetable injuries arising from accidents which happen when people are victimization abrasive wheels due to diminutive shards of the blade disintegrating throughout the cutting process. (www.hseni.gov.uk)The need to were goggles has incessantly been considered to be a necessity in steel fixing, however with the old types of goggles available and the t blockency for them to steam up especially under extremes of fondness people would often neglect their duty to were them and take a destiny without them. Current types of goggles are much better designed to beleaguer this problem. While examining suppliers of protective products it was tangibleized what exactly was on offer, however fifty-fifty following the EU directives comprise could be an issue to employers because the need for the appropriate provide for the type of work being undertaken could prevail to higher costs. different issues arising seem to be with the eating away of protective look equipment for those who need prescription(prenominal) glasses. Solutions to this have been set with the introduction of impact resistant safety glasses, this is ingenuous for the directly employed but non for the sub- startor/self-employed as the contractor solitary(prenominal) supplies the minimum required P.P.E. and with prescription safety glasses electric emfly costing in excess of thirty pounds (www.protecdirect.co.uk) The contractor seems again disinclined to supply them.Many suppliers to the turn industry of P.P.E. are plugging the idea of still or designer safety glasses (www.elvex.com) which although still made from the product this being a poly-carbonate compound and conforming to EU legislation, the necessity for this type of eyewear is not essential completely adding to the cost of already expensive P.P.E. for contractors especially whe n purchased in the large quantities they have to especially when servicing round of the big contracts.The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPEW Regulations), state in regulation 6 that an assessment in which P.P.E. is suitable and does not cause risk to the employee in wearing it which if carried out properly would work, but in honesty when the health and safety personal still insist on workers wearing eye protection in wet or extreme conditions it could lead to a compromise in the workers safety. It also states that the equipment needed matches the equipment to be supplied and not only the cheapest option available .Regulation 7 of the(PPEW Regulations), say that any employer shall en true that any personal protective equipment provided to his employees is maintained (including re rigid or cleaned as appropriate) in an efficient state, in efficient on the job(p) order and in good repair. And that every self-employed person shall ensure that any personal protective equipment provided to him is maintained (including replaced or cleaned as appropriate) in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair (www.opsi.gov.uk).This whole kit in practice when however employees inform their supervisors of the need for more glasses due to scratched lenses it is often fr suffered upon leading to the employees somewhattimes continuing to use substandard equipment a simple solution to this might be to provide some sort of inexpensive carry grapheme to use to help meliorate the problem. The wearing of glasses is fairly straight forward with no received training necessary but employees should be made more informed of the different types of product available to them. (www.opsi.gov.uk)With the literature researched in the first part of this module coupled with the statistics gathered I thought that the need for the wearing of safety glasses did seem to be apparent however with the aid of suit studies and some short unceremon ious interviews the pros and cons along with the possible benefits from the wearing of such items should become more obvious. From a personal stand top dog I bring forward that a slightly less stringent blast could be taken to still adhere to the EU directives. It has to be emphasize that this is only a personal view and that the legislation quoted at the root system of this essay would need to be adhered to at all times to follow out the covenant to both the employer and the employee. From the previous developing a work establish parturiency assignment I found that statistics delegateed injuries to throw away across/arm are the second most harsh type of disgrace in the construction industry. Sites now are also adopting a blanket gloves policy to approve with the wearing of glasses as already fore mentioned the need seems to be apparent but for many workers they still feel that they should have a freedom of choice. After completing the research and having gathered and a nalysed the various forms of knowledge available It was apparent that the most appropriate methods for gathering of data for this fact subject would be case studies along with some short unceremonial interviews. These methods are particularly relevant because I cannister draw upon real life case studies I have personally had some transaction with, and with the aid of some short informal interviews with the individuals involved the findings exit show whether the wearing of said types of P.P.E. would benefit everyone asked to wear it or whether it should be made more specific to certain types of trades as opposed to a lend generic site policy. Also with the gathered information, case studies and the interviews it should show the relevance of the two types of equipment being asked to be worn both from the sentiment of the employer and that of the employee.This first case study being observed concerns the wearing of light eye protection and perhaps reiterates most from the emp loyers point of view the relevance and need to rigorously enforce the wearing of such items.A Steel methadon I was working with was fixing steel on a large cap slab of a communications building on a well known local American air force base. This type of work is al ways heavily reinforced with many intricate design issues arising because of the specifications of the contract due to the security and the strength needed to be achieved not only for the longevity of the building but also the need to withstand potential attack from intruders, terrorists etc. Because of this conventional ways of steel fixing do not always apply in that it is sometimes not always possible to fix the steel in the usual way of placing the buttocks mat then placing the support chairs then finish with the fixing of the top mat.That is partly the reason for the occurrence happening in this instance. The procedure for the work to be carried out was in many ways different to the average in that in this particula r case the top mat of the slab had to be icy before the bottom mat was slid into position though a design called blast associate (a common design on gauzy air base stomachs). The steel fixer in perplexity needed to access the underside of the top mat reinforcing to place these links earlier to the fixing of the bottom mat reinforcing, he did this and by wearing his safety helmet thought the risks of injury would be minimised by. Whilst wrong he was carrying out his duties safely as he thought for sometime but he failed to happen a previously fixed cranked bar protruding into the underside of the roof slab and on reaching out to obtain some more links to place he turned sharply with the result being that he turned directly onto the fore mentioned T25 mm piece of previously placed reinforcing.The consequences of the steel fixers actions resulted in a visit to the local hospital to suffer some quite lengthy examinations on his eye and it was discover that he had pushed the ey e ball back into his socket with the resulting injury being the focal muscles in the back of his eye along with the eye socket itself were both highly poorly bruised which resulted with the steel fixer having to wear dark glasses for some time by and bywards to help with the sensitivity of the injured eye. other complication from the injury was that reasonably shortly afterwards the steel fixer in question was on visiting the optician prescribed glasses, and although it was never proved for sure it was said that it was a possibility that it could have been a major conducive factor.On speaking to the said steel fixer I asked him in view of what had happened to him did he think that the wearing of glasses should be needed across all trades within Civil Engineering and Construction or did he think it should be for specific trades such as those utilize wet products like concrete or hazardous substances. The feedback I obtained was that in this instance the wearing of light eye prot ection would have halt the injury and alleviated the discomfort he suffered after the accident. He did make the point that at the time of the accident light eye protection was not so promptly available and it was the duty of the contractor to only supply protective goggles for cutting and grinding. Also the types of products available were not of the same quality that now seem to be more common place so even if the choice was there to wear protection he probably would not have because they were uncomfortable and because of the confined blank space he was in they would have been not appropriate because they would have unploughed misting up.Another issue that was raised was the fact that a proper risk assessment should have been carried out and if it was it may have been able to have stopped the incident occurring by placing some form of protection onto the ends of the disallow in the first place.End of Rebar protectionAlthough my original research project was to look at the wear ing of gloves and light eye protection after talking to the steel fixer in question I opinionated to look at the possible solution to end of Re-bar protection also. I found many types of products available for the protection of the ends of Re-bar with the most popular form seeming to be the end cap type.This type of design protects the substance abuser from scratches but on further investigation I was to find out that to protect workers from impalement a different product is required not always realised by both the workers and the contractor. I was to look at a system called The Carnie Cap System which was specifically designed for the purpose of impalement protection.It can withstand a 250 pound weight dropped from 10 feet without the rebar protruding and is also less expensive than troughs. In fact, only two Carnie Caps are needed per each eight foot section. Making it quick and easy to install. (www.carniecap.com) conducting equip hazards in steel fixingThe case study I have ju st highlighted has just raise one issue with regards to steel fixers walk into protruding objects but another problem is flying end on the tie wire used to tie the re-bar into position.Dragging lengths of tying wire round while tying rebar is hazardous to steel fixers and those working around them. The steel fixer has one end of wire in his hand and under control, but the other end is free to fly around, being the flying end. The wire end snags easily and the natural reaction is to give it a tug. The result is a razor sharp wire end travelling at high speed towards the steel fixer with the potential to cause serious face or eye injuries and in some cases, complete eye loss.A product I found that could protect against a situation like this is system called reel-fix Rapid Reel which is a lightweight, re closeable wire dispensing unit designed to be worn in connection with the Reel fix belt and comfort pad. ( www.reelfix.com) In using this product one end of the tie wire is clipped into the reel using a refill spool thus eliminating the flying end scenario qualification it less likely to obtain the serious type of injury shown above. on the job(p) on a major project in East capital of the United Kingdom we were given a comprehensive induction in which we were informed that the wearing of gloves and glasses were mandatory, and that any person caught without these items would be given a yellow-bellied phone card. A second offence would be another yellow card resulting in expulsion from site. After receiving this information most of the workers adhered to this policy not wanting to be dismissed for something as trivial as not wearing gloves or glasses.One particular colleague chose to ignore the book of instructions given and carry on fixing steel without gloves on brainsick countersink them in my pocket and if anybody turns up then I will put them on was his attitude. He was carrying out a task on an abutment circumvent when his accident happened.On compl etion of the abutment wall being fixed it was his job to fix some bars required into the wall to suffer the wall at the desired spacing prior to concreting, he was placing the necessary bars into place and was not giving full attention to what he was doing, spending time talking to the other trades as he was carrying out his own duties, which every trades man working is probably guilty of having carried out these sort of tasks many times over. This particular day was to be very unfortunate for the steel fixer in question because as he was sliding the second from last bar into place he took his eye off what he was doing and ran the fleshy part of his thumb on the inside of his hand along a tie that was holding the main wall bars in place.The result of his actions was quite a severe cut to his right hand and this was also the hand he used for his end cutters. Because of the severity of the incident he was taken to the site nurse who cleaned and covered the cut and sent him to hospita l where he was to have seven stitches to his hand and because of this being the hand he used for he used for his end cutters it resulted in him having to have two weeks off work until the stitches were re give the axed losing him quite a substantial amount of money as he had been working twelve hour shifts and seven days a week for an extremely busy part of the contract. The man had to return to site briefly to fill an accident report for the incident to also be told he was being given an official warning for not wearing the P.P.E. he was instructed to as stipulated in the site induction.I spoke with the individual about what had happened and asked if he would now reconsider as to whether he would be wearing gloves in the future or not but he just illustrated that it was an occupational hazard of steel fixing and he would still rather not wear them given the choice. When I made him aware of the different types of gloves available and to the fact you can now obtain The Sperian (www.s ba.co.uk) cut resistant gloves for use in steel fixing he did agree that there could be a use for these but he would still choose not to wear them given the choice as he still finds them inept and in the warmer weather they make the hands overheat when worn for long periods.As a supervisor I had to have some dealings with the main contractor over the incident that had occurred and they stressed that it was part of my duty to make sure the men were wearing the correct P.P.E. I agreed to this but did stress the views from the men about the quality of the products on offer to which I was told that they would supply the basic minimum P.P.E. and that if the men cherished any other type of equipment then they would have to supply their own as the main contractor was not prepared to carry the cost of this.With the research complete and the information gathered in the form of case studies/interviews it was clear that there did seem to be a strong need for the wearing of the fore mentioned equipment, it did also become clear that as the project develop however that the research needed to be on sacking not only because new products are becoming more readily available all the time with regards to the chosen topic but of the unending changing regulations on Health and Safety and the policies the main contractors need to put into place to satisfy their insurers that they are doing their upmost for the health and safety of their employees when tendering for contracts. Another conclusion drawn from the project was that until a case study was carried out the findings and recommendations were mainly of my opinion but with the case studies/interviews complete it drew on the experiences of others who had their own ideas having been the victims of the events highlighted.ConclusionHaving completed the Work Based Project I was able to draw some interesting conclusions from it. I found that the research I had previously carried out in the developing a research assignment gave me the opportunity to gather some good relevant information to co-inside with the work based project, it was however only the beginnings of the project and I found that through observing the case studies and from gathering information from the short informal interviews I gave it was to broaden the scope of the research. The attitude towards the wearing of gloves and light eye protection also seems to be changing from not only the employers perspective but also from the employees stand. When something new is introduced it always takes time for people to descry the benefits and to adjust to the new system, people get set in their ways and find it not only hard to adapt but also do not see the reasons or benefits they may gain from this. It has been a general opinion for a long time that the reason the main contractors want us to wear the fore mentioned P.P.E. is only to fulfil the obligation to their insurers and that if they do not put these measures into place then they will not be ab le to tender for contracts. Although this is partly true it has to be recognised that these companies are a business and as so they have to move with an ever changing construction environment to succeed. The representatives on site are just that, with the decisions over these matters being made from much higher government activity with the employees sometimes neglecting this fact leading people on site whimsey that they are being persecuted and that they are having their freedom of choice taken from them.With the case studies highlighted and the other information I have gathered I think that there is a definite need for the wearing of gloves and light eye protection with the benefits definitely exceeding the risks it will however take time to adjust to the new procedures and an alliance between the main contractors and their workers could be put into place to aid communication in these matters to stop the workers feeling potentially alienated in these matters.

Effect of Surveillance on Autonomy and Greed

Effect of Surveillance on Autonomy and GreedDiscussionThe interrogation hypothesis of this study stated that when souls were under watch, they would whole tone a need of autonomy or more controlled. Therefore, role players would afterwards demonstrate a high(prenominal) level of covetousness, in likeness to those non under watchfulness. This was supported by the ideas of SDT about autonomy being a fundamental psychological need, and so resulting in adverse consequences when non attained.The results derived from this query were non significant, indicating that no do were gear up in either condition and thusly do not support the sign research prediction. Although not significant, data call forthive of a social movement was found for finality and condition on prohibit affect. This exhibit that participants who were in the experimental condition and kept each of their tickets (indicating a higher(prenominal) level of voraciousness) showed increased levels of n egative affect, comp atomic number 18d to those who gave some tickets. This could be interpreted as the individuals sense of smell guilt or other negative emotions about their termination when under surveillance. This whitethorn indicate that surveillance has an effect on negative feelings, following behavior.Similarly, although no significant results were found, a trend suggests that participants who kept all their tickets in the experimental condition experienced a decrease in their just world beliefs. This demonstrates that those individuals who showed higher levels of greed under surveillance subsequently lacked beliefs in a just world, in comparison to the other participants. This whitethorn coincide with the trend found for negative affect implying that those participants under surveillance, who kept all tickets, had more feelings of negative affect and lower beliefs in a just world. Regardless of these trends, it has to be emphasised that the effects atomic number 18 not significant so the alleged effect is not concrete.One description for the lack of significance found within the trends may be collect to the sample size, which was limited to eighty participants. If a larger sample size was obtained then the trends found may potentially be more powerful. A possible recommendation for future research could be a restitution of this study using a greater sample size, to test whether this trend is more rife.As the initial predictions ar not supported by the results, they do not support the notions implied by SDT stating that autonomy is one of the polar needs that needs to be attained. The received results may also suggest that surveillance is not as controlling as previously implied (Lepper and Greene, 1975), as individuals may fluent feel autonomous when under surveillance. Alternatively, it may be that the individuals did not notice the cameras. During the study phase, participants were asked whether or not they noticed surveillance bo th the cameras and signs. When they did not take notice, which occurred frequently, participants often added comments implying that they had grown accustomed to this surveillance. This aligns with the initial thoughts that thither is an abundance of cameras in society, perhaps suggesting an everywhere-usage of the surveillance. These comments alongside the lack of sensory faculty of the cameras can be interpreted as an subdivision of desensitisation to the surveillance. As the originally quote by Home Office mentioned, individuals be gain so familiar with the cameras, that they are no longer something out of the ordinary therefore if unnoticed, their purpose may not be as effective. This also corresponds with findings from the earlier mentioned studies where the surveillance became ineffective after a time lag (Web and Laycock, 1992).In assenting to this, a study conducted by Tilley (1993) observing the power of surveillance in various car parks found that publicity of the surv eillance was necessary for it to be effective. Therefore the procedure of CCTV needs to be this instant brought to an individuals attention for an effect to occur. This coincides with the notion of familiarity with the cameras earlier stated, suggesting that individuals may need some sort of reminder or prompt to be aware of the surveillance.Prior research has supported the assumptions made by SDT and the command prediction that a lack of autonomy will affect behaviour. Particularly, Cozzolino et al., (2015) apply the similar measure of greed as the current study, alongside a measure of indirect aggression, finding that surveillance elicited higher levels of greed and aggression. However, Cozzolino et als., (2015) study included the usage of more than one experimental toil, which may explain the results. The antecedent assign provoking aggression may enhance the general demeanour of the participant, prompting individuals to display greed. This may append an explanation as to why results differed from this current research, as the scotch conceive task was measured independently.Self-concept is an important phenomenon to be observed in carnal knowledge to this primary study. Individuals tend to seek approval from others and feel the need to match that they switch a positive self-concept, as they prefer to feel give out about themselves. This was illustrated by Swann Jr. and Read (1980) who observed the values of self-concept over a series of experiments. Their results indicated that self-concept was of high significance to individuals as participants sought to range it through others. Lower levels of greed are apt(predicate) to contribute to a positive self-concept therefore this need for verification of self-concept may be a contributing factor to their behaviour in the current study. Thus, individuals may take away altered their answers intentionally for this reason. Despite being ensured confidentiality, experimenter effects may withdraw occ urred, causing the individual to be more sceptical of possible popular opinion from the experimenter. They may not have wanted to display their actual inclination to show a higher level of greed, fearful of the impression they may process on the experimenter, therefore portraying actions that they think may be expected of them, more accepted, or more aligned with their self-concept.In addition to this the Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1980) may contribute to the notion that individuals conveyd in a way that they believed met societal expectations. This theory proposes that individuals have two disparate types of motivation, one of which is subjective norms this is perceived social pressure to execute genuine behaviours. In this case, subjective norms would point to acts of less greed (as this is more socially acceptable) which may explain the decision made by individuals in this study. Participants may be more influenced by their subjective norms than any othe r factors, causing them to behave differently.Interestingly Haley and Fessler (2005) observed the effect of evoked observability on pro-social behaviour through various different methods. These researchers measured levels of generosity using an economic game task, similar to that of the current study. This study provided a visual instigate to make individuals feel as though they were being observed. This was in the digit of stylised nerve centre representations on the background of the computer they were completing the task on. Although this differs to the primary study conducted, the use of eye spots may make individuals feel as though they are under control, or that they are being watched. They found that in the eye spot condition, in comparison to control, allocations were 55% higher, therefore displaying higher levels of generosity. This illustrates alternative effects to those initially predicted in the primary study, Haley and Fessler expected individuals to be more generou s when in the eye spot condition, which was found. Perhaps it should be reconsidered which types of behaviour are usually demo when being watched as pro-social behaviour may be more prevalent than anti-social behaviours predicted by this primary study.While it has been strongly implied that surveillance can be perceived as a rebound of social control (causing individuals to digest their autonomy), this control itself may infer different effects. When being watched, individuals may feel that they need to act in a certain way. They may be reluctant to portray their genuine feelings or actions as they are apprehensive of what those surveying may think. When not under surveillance individuals are in all probability to act more freely as a result of feeling less pressured by subjective norms, and therefore are able to behave more genuinely. Moreover, individuals actions may be more likely to be of an authentic nature, reflecting their intrinsic motivations. This coincides well with the trends found, implying that surveillance may chitchat feelings of negative affect. Individuals may only feel guilt about their decision because of the judgement they may face from being watched.Another possible terminal point which may have arisen with this study may be placed with the methodology. As stated the study involved an economic trust task, measuring levels of greed on the flat coat of the raffle tickets. Firstly, this task may lack an element of ecological validity as the situation that individuals were placed in with this task may be perceived as un existingistic. It is unconvincing that individuals would be asked to limit the allocation of raffle tickets therefore it may not reflect real life behaviour. In addition to this, the environment in which the task was faultless may also be considered less ecologically valid, being in a room with a computer and an experimenter close by. This may be a possible explanation as to why significant results were not found, as the task was not representative of a real-life situation, mirroring real behaviour.Furthermore, another(prenominal) methodological concern may be the takeat of the study. Participants were told that they were matched with another participant who made the tickets available to them however they may not have believed that there was another participant involved. The sample included a generous come of psychology students, who may have more cortical potential and so are aware that these studies often involve an element of deception. Therefore they may have displayed a higher level of greed, regardless of surveillance, if they realised that there was no other participant. To improve this farther studies could account for this in different ways. Firstly, using a sample of students from different departments, or not using a student population may affect findings, as they are unlikely to have prior background knowledge about experiments of this nature. Additionally it could be made more p lausible that there is another participant involved. next studies may have the other participant wait in the same area as the current participant, or have a companion pretend to be the other participant. This may make it more plausible to the participant, and may evoke the effect initially expected.Trying to gain the insight of someone else is a difficult task, which is one that has been challenged in this study. The evidence found for these various measures used such as the feelings of control involve self-examining awareness, observing the understanding of others. As earlier stated, the Cronbachs alpha for these measures were not self-consistent, therefore it has to be questioned whether it is possible to rely completely on the use of these measures as they tend to involve an element of inconsistency.Despite a consistent level of non-significance in the current study, the notion of social control is still very plausible. Previous research has delved into this phenomenon, such as the well-known respectfulness experiment by Milgram (1963). It was found that participants obeyed the instructions of those who they perceived as having authority. This illustrates that this form of social control can have an effect on individuals behaviour, altering it significantly. In the same way that surveillance plant life as social control in altering individuals behaviour.It can be argued, from an alternative viewpoint that there is an evolutionary basis for greed. Evolution emphasises the importance of survival, to the next generation and to continue to pass knock down genes. Therefore greed can be interpreted as a means of survival, gaining the resources necessary from an evolutionary standpoint. This could be an alternative explanation for higher levels of greed being prevalent individuals may not be moved(p) by surveillance but have evolutionary needs that conduct their behaviour.Frustration of psychological needs can be fatal and race to adverse consequences, especially when observing the analysis of certain disorders. For example it has been suggested that a frustration of autonomy can lead to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Individuals feel they are being controlled or are unable to be in depend upon of themselves, so they control their environment instead. Similarly eating disorders is another form of the regaining of this control from an experience of lack of autonomy, as they tend to come from a very controlling environment. With more controlling and strict parents, individuals are more vulnerable to eating disorders. Without autonomy, individuals are more likely to cave in psychopathology, as they defend against difficult experiences rather than overcoming them. Therefore it is important that further research is done to observe the implications that may derive from the thwarting of these needs, specifically autonomy.While no significant effects were found to support the suggested hypotheses of this current research, it is still cr ucial that further investigation takes place. An array of prior research has found prevalent effects demonstrating that surveillance can evoke feelings of powerlessness and that this lack of autonomy can be detrimental to individuals. Therefore special research is necessary to find concrete evidence for the effects of surveillance.