Regression Analysis

REGRESSION ANALYSIS correlational statistics only indicates the degree and direction of descent mingled with deuce shiftings. It does non, necessarily connote a cause-effect relationship. Even when there argon grounds to believe the causal relationship exits, correlation does not tell us which variable is the cause and which, the effect. For example, the demand for a commodity and its price ordain generally be found to be cor cogitate, but the question whether demand depends on price or vice-versa will not be answered by correlation. The mental lexicon meaning of the retroflexion is the act of the returning or going back.The term turnaround was set-back employ by Francis Galton in 1877 while studying the relationship amidst the heights of fathers and sons. arrested development is the measure of the average relationship betwixt ii or more variables in terms of the original units of data. The report of arrested development is the cable length, which brings the best e stimate to the set of i variable for any specific values of former(a) variables. For two variables on relapsing synopsis, there atomic number 18 two regression lines. One line as the regression of x on y and other is for regression of y on x. These two regression line show the average relationship between the two variables.The regression line of y on x gives the most equiprobable value of y for disposed(p) value of x and the regression line of x and y gives the most probable values of x for the given value of y. For perfect correlation, positive or negative i. e. for r= , the two lines coincide i. e. we will find only virtuoso straight line. If r=0, i. e. both the disagreement atomic number 18 nonsymbiotic accordingly the two lines will cut from each one other at a salutary angle. In this case the two lines will be to x and y axis. The Graph is given below- We restrict our discussion to additive relationships only that is the equations to be considered are 1- y=a+bx x =a+by In equation first x is called the independent variable and y the dependent variable. conditional on the x value, the equations gives the variation of y. In other words ,it mode that corresponding to each value of x ,there is whole conditional probability diffusion of y. Similar discussion holds for the equation second, where y acts as independent variable and x as dependent variable. What purpose does regression line serve? 1- The first object is to estimate the dependent variable from known values of independent variable. This is possible from regression line. The next objective is to obtain a measure of the mistake involved in using regression line for estimation. 3- With the help of regression co businesslikes we poop calculate the correlation coefficient. The cheering of correlation coefficient (r), is called coefficient of determination, measure the degree of standstill of correlation that exits between two variables. What is the difference between correlation and elongated regression? correlation coefficient and bianalogue regression are not the said(prenominal). Consider these differences Correlation quantifies the degree to which two variables are related.Correlation does not finda best-fit line (that is regression). You simply are computing a correlation coefficient (r) that tells you how much one variable tends to change when the other one does. With correlation you dont have to esteem about cause and effect. You simply quantify how well two variables relate to each other. With regression, you do have to think about cause and effect as the regression line is determined as the best way to divine Y from X. With correlation,it doesnt matter which of the two variables you call X and which you call Y.Youll take a crap the same correlation coefficient if you swap the two. With linear regression, the decision of which variable you call X and which you call Y matters a lot, as youll get a dissimilar best-fit line if you swap the two. T he line that best predicts Y from X is not the same as the line that predicts X from Y. Correlation is almost always use when you measure both variables. It rarely is appropriate when one variable is something you experimentally manipulate. With linear regression, the X variable is often something you experimental manipulate (time, concentration and the Y variable is something you measure. Regression analysis is widely used forprediction(includingforecastingoftime-seriesdata). use of goods and services of regression analysis for prediction has substantial overlap with the field of railway car learning. Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable, and to explore the forms of these relationships. In restricted circumstances, regression analysis can be used to infercausal relationshipsbetween the independent and dependent variables.A large body of techniques for carrying out regression analysis has been de veloped. Familiar methods much(prenominal) aslinear regressionandordinary least squaresregression areparametric, in that the regression mould is defined in terms of a exhaustible number of unknownparametersthat are estimated from thedata. Nonparametric regressionrefers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set offunctions, which may beinfinite-dimensional. The bring aboutance of regression analysis methods in practice depends on the form of the data-generating process, and how it relates to the regression come out being used.Since the true form of the data-generating process is not known, regression analysis depends to some extent on making assumptions about this process. These assumptions are sometimes (but not always) testable if a large amount of data is available. Regression models for prediction are often useful even when the assumptions are moderately violated, although they may not perform optimally. However when carrying outinferenceusin g regression models, especially involving small-scaleeffectsor questions ofcausalitybased onobservational data, regression methods moldiness be used cautiously as they can easily give misleading results.Underlying assumptions Classical assumptions for regression analysis include ? The sample must be representative of the population for the inference prediction. ? The error is off-key to be arandom variablewith a mean of zero conditional on the explanatory variables. ? The variables are error-free. If this is not so, modeling may be through with(p) usingerrors-in-variables modeltechniques. ? The predictors must belinearly independent, i. e. it must not be possible to express any predictor as a linear combination of the others. SeeMulticollinearity. The errors areuncorrelated, that is, thevariance-covariance matrixof the errors isdiagonaland each non-zero element is the variance of the error. ? The variance of the error is constant across observations (homoscedasticity). If not,wei ghted least squaresor other methods might be used. These are sufficient (but not all necessary) conditions for the least-squares estimator to induce desirable properties, in particular, these assumptions imply that the parameter estimates will beunbiased,consistent, andefficientin the class of linear unbiased estimators.Many of these assumptions may be relaxed in more advanced treatments. Basic Formula of Regression synopsis- X=a+by (Regression line x on y) Y=a+bx (Regression line y on x) 1st Regression equation of x on y- 2nd Regression equation of y on x- Regression Coefficient- Case 1st when x on y means regression coefficient is bxy Case 2nd when y on x means regression coefficient is byx least Square Estimation- The main object of constructing statistical relationship is to predict or explain the effects on one dependent variable resulting from changes in one or more explanatory variables.Under the least square criteria, the line of best fit is said to be that which minim izes the sum of the squared residuals between the points of the graph and the points of straight line. The least squares method is the most widely used procedure for developing estimates of the model parameters. The graph of the estimated regression equation for simple linear regression is a straight line approximation to the relationship between y and x. When regression equations obtained directly that is without taking deviation from actual or assumed mean then the two Normal equations are to be figure out simultaneously as followsFor Regression equivalence of x on y i. e. x=a+by The two Normal Equations are- For Regression Equation of y on x i. e. y=a+bx The two Normal Equations are- Remarks- 1- It may be noted that both the regression coefficient ( x on y means bxy and y on x means byx ) cannot exceed 1. 2- two the regression coefficient shall either be positive + or negative -. 3- Correlation coefficient (r) will have same sign as that of regression coefficient.Regression An alysisREGRESSION ANALYSIS Correlation only indicates the degree and direction of relationship between two variables. It does not, necessarily connote a cause-effect relationship. Even when there are grounds to believe the causal relationship exits, correlation does not tell us which variable is the cause and which, the effect. For example, the demand for a commodity and its price will generally be found to be correlated, but the question whether demand depends on price or vice-versa will not be answered by correlation. The dictionary meaning of the regression is the act of the returning or going back.The term regression was first used by Francis Galton in 1877 while studying the relationship between the heights of fathers and sons. Regression is the measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the original units of data. The line of regression is the line, which gives the best estimate to the values of one variable for any specific values of other v ariables. For two variables on regression analysis, there are two regression lines. One line as the regression of x on y and other is for regression of y on x. These two regression line show the average relationship between the two variables.The regression line of y on x gives the most probable value of y for given value of x and the regression line of x and y gives the most probable values of x for the given value of y. For perfect correlation, positive or negative i. e. for r= , the two lines coincide i. e. we will find only one straight line. If r=0, i. e. both the variance are independent then the two lines will cut each other at a right angle. In this case the two lines will be to x and y axis. The Graph is given below- We restrict our discussion to linear relationships only that is the equations to be considered are 1- y=a+bx x=a+by In equation first x is called the independent variable and y the dependent variable. Conditional on the x value, the equations gives the variatio n of y. In other words ,it means that corresponding to each value of x ,there is whole conditional probability distribution of y. Similar discussion holds for the equation second, where y acts as independent variable and x as dependent variable. What purpose does regression line serve? 1- The first object is to estimate the dependent variable from known values of independent variable. This is possible from regression line. The next objective is to obtain a measure of the error involved in using regression line for estimation. 3- With the help of regression coefficients we can calculate the correlation coefficient. The square of correlation coefficient (r), is called coefficient of determination, measure the degree of association of correlation that exits between two variables. What is the difference between correlation and linear regression? Correlation and linear regression are not the same. Consider these differences Correlation quantifies the degree to which two variables are r elated.Correlation does not finda best-fit line (that is regression). You simply are computing a correlation coefficient (r) that tells you how much one variable tends to change when the other one does. With correlation you dont have to think about cause and effect. You simply quantify how well two variables relate to each other. With regression, you do have to think about cause and effect as the regression line is determined as the best way to predict Y from X. With correlation,it doesnt matter which of the two variables you call X and which you call Y.Youll get the same correlation coefficient if you swap the two. With linear regression, the decision of which variable you call X and which you call Y matters a lot, as youll get a different best-fit line if you swap the two. The line that best predicts Y from X is not the same as the line that predicts X from Y. Correlation is almost always used when you measure both variables. It rarely is appropriate when one variable is someth ing you experimentally manipulate. With linear regression, the X variable is often something you experimental manipulate (time, concentration and the Y variable is something you measure. Regression analysis is widely used forprediction(includingforecastingoftime-seriesdata). Use of regression analysis for prediction has substantial overlap with the field ofmachine learning. Regression analysis is also used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable, and to explore the forms of these relationships. In restricted circumstances, regression analysis can be used to infercausal relationshipsbetween the independent and dependent variables.A large body of techniques for carrying out regression analysis has been developed. Familiar methods such aslinear regressionandordinary least squaresregression areparametric, in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of unknownparametersthat are estimated from thedata. Nonparamet ric regressionrefers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set offunctions, which may beinfinite-dimensional. The consummation of regression analysis methods in practice depends on the form of the data-generating process, and how it relates to the regression approach being used.Since the true form of the data-generating process is not known, regression analysis depends to some extent on making assumptions about this process. These assumptions are sometimes (but not always) testable if a large amount of data is available. Regression models for prediction are often useful even when the assumptions are moderately violated, although they may not perform optimally. However when carrying outinferenceusing regression models, especially involving smalleffectsor questions ofcausalitybased onobservational data, regression methods must be used cautiously as they can easily give misleading results.Underlying assumptions Classical assumptions for regression anal ysis include ? The sample must be representative of the population for the inference prediction. ? The error is assumed to be arandom variablewith a mean of zero conditional on the explanatory variables. ? The variables are error-free. If this is not so, modeling may be done usingerrors-in-variables modeltechniques. ? The predictors must belinearly independent, i. e. it must not be possible to express any predictor as a linear combination of the others. SeeMulticollinearity. The errors areuncorrelated, that is, thevariance-covariance matrixof the errors isdiagonaland each non-zero element is the variance of the error. ? The variance of the error is constant across observations (homoscedasticity). If not,weighted least squaresor other methods might be used. These are sufficient (but not all necessary) conditions for the least-squares estimator to possess desirable properties, in particular, these assumptions imply that the parameter estimates will beunbiased,consistent, andefficienti n the class of linear unbiased estimators.Many of these assumptions may be relaxed in more advanced treatments. Basic Formula of Regression Analysis- X=a+by (Regression line x on y) Y=a+bx (Regression line y on x) 1st Regression equation of x on y- 2nd Regression equation of y on x- Regression Coefficient- Case 1st when x on y means regression coefficient is bxy Case 2nd when y on x means regression coefficient is byx Least Square Estimation- The main object of constructing statistical relationship is to predict or explain the effects on one dependent variable resulting from changes in one or more explanatory variables.Under the least square criteria, the line of best fit is said to be that which minimizes the sum of the squared residuals between the points of the graph and the points of straight line. The least squares method is the most widely used procedure for developing estimates of the model parameters. The graph of the estimated regression equation for simple linear regre ssion is a straight line approximation to the relationship between y and x. When regression equations obtained directly that is without taking deviation from actual or assumed mean then the two Normal equations are to be solved simultaneously as followsFor Regression Equation of x on y i. e. x=a+by The two Normal Equations are- For Regression Equation of y on x i. e. y=a+bx The two Normal Equations are- Remarks- 1- It may be noted that both the regression coefficient ( x on y means bxy and y on x means byx ) cannot exceed 1. 2- Both the regression coefficient shall either be positive + or negative -. 3- Correlation coefficient (r) will have same sign as that of regression coefficient.