Technology in Sports Essay Example for Free

Technology in Sports EssayTechnology in sports has been a calling topic for several(prenominal)time. When allow for the engineering science get us at our least expected moment? With the resources we have today supporting each and either game why cant the process be sped up. Technology in sports is essential to the day and age of carrying reveal for athletes. With it making the game easier to typify for some individuals with disabilities is huge help. With making the People perform as well as others. With show up engineering in sports, the games wouldnt be enjoyed as well as they argon. Technology in about professional sports has been using instant replay to assist the referees and umpires. Football has been using instant replay for any certain originator and basketball referees ingestion the instant replays to make sure the time is right for each game. Disputed plays in professional sports have made fans go balmy for yeas. Now with the technology, different sports are engaging in the instant replay such as soccer with the goal line technology. When getting the wrong close by the referees they need something to determine the right factor.Some people have there other side to instant replay HD replay serves as a judge to the most of the sports referees such as baseball and basketball. With much than television coverage to capture more images to overturn a certain play, people will be enjoying more of the game rather than arguing with each other. Now with YouTube and other video websites, it makes it easier for fans to criticize the league or umpires, an embarrassing fact. Bad Calls befoolt cuff games, only bad plays (Sharp 2009) coming from Drew Sharp a sports writer for the USA Today.He is saying that pointing the finger at some one(a) else not on the playing field will not help out any of the sports. The public harping on the referees to make better calls is upright at its own judgment for the leagues. Ask any coach-and-four and hell tell younever put yourself at the mercy of an officials error (Sharp 2009). Replays blow a lot of games and makes life or death for any sports team (Sharp 2009). Sports technology is getting factored into so many different sports and one of the biggest sporting events every(prenominal) two years is the Olympics.Advances in the each one of the sports that is held in the Olympics, like how the tennis racket is constructed or in 2016 when play will debut in the Olympics they will either have to decide if the USGA or R and A will be determining the clubs allowed to be single-valued functiond or what type of golf balls will be used, each golf brand has over twenty different specs for each ball or club, some legal and some not. This could be a cause for some athletes to get a head of the other competitors. The Olympic committee is investigating on weather to allow the scientific advances that the modern amateur shammer is getting (Tenaska 2013).When the modern athletes are coming from the bottom with the heightsest technological advanced gear and not being able to use it in the Olympics, such as a new bike frame will be 25% percent lighter than the older one. How will the Olympic committee determine it? (Tenaska 2013) Testing in sports has always been looked at for statistics and features not seen by the average person. Putting athletes on a computer and showing their results on a computer screen rather than a field changes a lot of perspectives toward an individual.The IT process of technology with sports determines the tests and the essential element of resources demanded for the technology to rise. Computer technology has dealt with change for any sport thats looking for a technological advance. With out computers the sports industry would have a hard time developing new ideas and equipment to make the sport either easier or harder to play. (IT Sports Journal) With involving computers in technology, The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are picking up on the technology en d.They are not taking peter out on or off the practice field. The organization purchased iPads to use instead of their standard playbook. They no longer to need luge around a cover binder or DVDs to practice or home since the iPad has all of the software on it. While the NFL still has restrictions on how tablets can be use, these devices are ever-changing the way the pro teams practice and communicate. General Manager Mark Dominik says It was a smashing success for our players. They Loved it, Were going green While the technology is evolving for professional sports team.The Bucs and Ravens are the only teams with this technology in the NFL to have these capabilities with computer tablets. The coaches from the Bucs say they believe it has helped their study habits for learning plays, plus the overall motivation shown but by giving them a little of technology (Couwels 2011). The Australian race has always a top-performing nation around the world. Despite having a smaller population , Australians cognise to be outdoors and can be set up to be great athletes and dominate their favorite sports.The coaches trained Australian athletes in the later calve of the 20th century, now athletes can be put on a computer and given an analysis to show how well they are performing. With technology advancing, the coachs job is getting very easy as in goes on. Besides giving the mental game back to the athlete the coaching is just by analyzing stats. Each study is designed to look at different aspects of the athlete and give them feedback on how well they are performing. (James) Through out the report of sports technology it has been an aspect to the athletes.A few historical events in sports history have made the outcomes of todays sports a lot easier to judge and easier to participate in. In 1888 the head start photo finish was introduced and changed the judging of the finish line in a race or any sporting event dealing with time (Boston nut 2013). Electric Scoring in 193 6 was an automated officiating for fencing judges and detecting the most accurate touches by a split second (Boston ball 2013). A huge interesting fact was in 1957 a Michigan physics professor developed touch pads for swimming used for times and lapping.The most accurate technology ever to be put in swimming and still used today (Boston Globe 2013). These types of technology have been an impact on everyone in the sports world. Including more and more technological advances to be determined by the future of our society. Athletes today are getting the full search and statistics for their lives as high performing athlete. With eating better and the right workouts theyre getting stronger and performing at a higher(prenominal) rate of fire. The gear the athletes use is forever getting better and the old records that were set back in the day is getting broken.Cycling, tennis and swimming are a top three where technology is advancing. Cycling, includes lighter bikes and easier to get u p tougher terrain in the mountains that professional bikers are competing on. Swimmers are using computer forensics and getting better feedback on how they are performing in the pool. Tennis is the biggest aspect of technology advancing with the racket or the ball getting lighter to get it moving at higher speeds. The average for the tennis ball speed at the ATP is over 120 mph (Bulchadani 2011).This comes from a long way from the early days with out research or technology to make tennis more fun to watch and perform at a higher level. (Bulchadani 2011) In the 1970s forest bats were getting out dated, and the baseball world wanted more action out of it. Showing how technology was advancing and more people were elicit in the research of the baseball bat. The aluminum baseball bat averaged 3. 85 mph faster. The study was conducted from six highly skilled college baseball players. They hit more than a dozen batting practice sessions.Each individual hit five balls and switched bats. T he average ball speed for line drives was 56. 6 mph. (Russell 2006) Each player collected 30 line drives and the line average line drive speed for woods bat was 88. 7 and the aluminum bat was 92. 5 mph. (Russell 2006) The performance metric from the each of these tests was shown that it is a four mph difference between the bats. A study was done in 1989 with a stationary test (no swing) and it showed that wood and aluminum bats were the same, but did not bring into the effect of the velocity of the hitter swinging the bat (Russell 2006).With the results generated from these two studies it shows that metal bats do out perform wood bats. Though with the controversy the Major League Baseball has kept the wood bats in order to keep the safety protocol. With injuries and players prisonbreak records to easily they will protect the game for a long period of time (Russell 2006) (Crisco-Greenwald Batting Cage study 2002). Sports technology shows that we are in other world for sports revol ution, not just on professional athletes and trainers but on the technology used in equipment, facilities, judging and recording devices (Smith 2012).The new technology includes golf balls and clubs, soccer balls, shoes, racecars and many more. Technology also uses a different in approach of training, tests that determine muscle fibers and the strengths and weaknesses of the body all put on one little computer screen. The diet of an athlete is carefully examined and the nature of the game is still kept in tact. Giving thanks to technology more and more people are enabled to play many sports than ever before. Technology involves a lot of research and time.With out sports technology some sports may have never been evolved such as golf with the evolving clubs and baseball with the research of metal bats. With the resources given to use we should se more technological advances in this day and age. Sports Technology has been constantly getting better and knowing the differences between e ach sport and how they perform will distinguish the manner it will be investigated in. The technology advanced into research will become a higher part of the resources used to make sports better.

Enrollment system Essay Example for Free

Enrollment system EssayWelcome The following terms serve as a contract that governs your use of our family of websites, applications and run (the Service).BY SIGNING UP, OR ACCESSING OR USING THE SERVICE, YOU SIGNIFY THAT YOU AGREE TO THESE TERMS (AGREEMENT OR TERMS) AND TO RESOLVE ANY DISPUTE BY ARBITRATION.1. drumhead of TermsThese Terms have the same force and effect as an Agreement signed in writing. If you do non tot up to these Terms, you may not use the Service. Each condemnation you access, upload, or download any content from the Service, you signify your agreement to the then-current terms. This Agreement is subject to change at any time therefore, you are responsible to review these Terms regularly to learn about any changes. We will post an updated version of these Terms if we modify them. You understand and agree that your ongoing use of the Service after we post or provide notice of the changes to this Agreement means that you accept and confirm that the updat ed Terms apply to you. The laws of the take of California govern this Agreement.You agree to resolve any dispute with us as provided in the Dispute Resolution Procedures described in Sections 21 and 22 below, which include arbitration and the options you have with arbitration. We use the term You to mean the person or entity who will access or use the Service as an give the axe user. The term Login means the combination of unique username and countersign that is used to access our Service. A login is a license to use a site, application or divine service for a period of time that is specified. Membership or Members means a single registration and/or subscription account per user of a valid username and password (login) for the service during the term of a subscription. We or us in this Agreement shall mean its brands, affiliates, subsidiaries and operating divisions.

Just Culture in Nursing

on the dot Culture in NursingJUST finale An Approach that is Right and in force(p) for the Philippine Nursing SystemBernardo Oliber Alconis Arde Jr., RN, MANNursing has always been regarded as a humanistic science since it has evolved from experience to science. Anchored by altruistic motives, nurses perform nursing c ar to patients with tact and prudence otherwise patients caoutchouc is jeopardized. Hence, it is safe to say that nursing should be a perfect mark an arena where mistake is never an option.While in that location are great efforts by the nursing community to pursue perfection by its evidence-based approach, the fact lifelessness stand that humans are faint. And by human nature, even if nurses make the best choices of care for their patients, other factors aside from these choices may still make them undefendable to committing breaks. If nurses infallibility can never be attained, how then can it be managed?Traditionally, wellnesscares nicety has held individu als accountable for all errors or mishaps that befall patients under their care. When errors occur, the fast solution is to blame an individual for the error. Blaming individuals creates a culture of fear, discourages open reporting and discussion of errors, and does little to restrain future errors or improve the safety of the health care system (NCBON, 2011). According to Leape (2000), as cited by American Nurses Association (2010) these approaches that focus on punishing individuals instead of changing systems provide strong incentives for race to report only those errors they can non hide. Thus, a punitive approach shuts off the information that is needed to identify faulty systems and create safer ones. In a punitive system, no one learns from their mistakes. Many observers attribute underreporting to the punitive (name and blame) approach that many healthcare organizations have taken with regard to safety incidents. By inculcating a sense of fear, the punitive approach disc ourages reporting and, in doing so, prevents organizational learning and improvement (Barach Small, 2000 Blegen et al., 2004 Kadzielski Martin, 2002 Kingston, Evans, Smith, Berry, 2004 Manasse, Eturnbull, Diamond, 2002 Wakefield et al., 2001, 1999).As an alternative to this traditional system, application of a model which is wide used in aviation industry known as the Just Culture Model seeks to create an environment that encourages individuals to report mistakes so that the precursors to errors can be better understood in order to fix the system issues (ANA, 2010). Just Culture, as defined in aviation industry, is a culture in which apparent movement line operators are not punished for actions, omissions or decisions taken by them that are commensurate with the experience and training, but where gross negligence, wilful violations and destructive acts are not tolerated (Eurocontrol, 2014). Reason (n.d), as quoted by Skybrary (n.d) statute titleed that it is an atmosphere of t rust in which people are encouraged, even rewarded for proving essential safety-related information but in which they are also clear about where the line must be drawn between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.In 1997, as mentioned by ANA (2010), fanny Reason wrote that a Just Culture creates an atmosphere of trust, encouraging and rewarding people for providing essential safety-related information. A Just Culture is also clear about what constitutes acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Therefore a Just Culture is the middle component between patient safety and a safety culture (Reason, 1997). However, the term Just Culture was first used in a 2001 report by David Marx (Marx, 2001), a report which popularized the term in the patient safety lexicon (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d.). Further he argues that discipline needs to be tied to the behavior of individuals and the potential risks their behavior presents more than the actual outcome of their actions (Marx , 2001).In the health care arena, Medscape (n.d) emphasized that Just Culture recognizes that human error and faulty systems can cause a mistake and encourages an investigation of what led to the error instead of an immediate rush to blame a person. A just culture, expert say, is a non-punitive environment in which individuals can report errors or crocked calls without fear of reprimand, rebuke, or reprisal (Blegen et al., 2004 Karadeniz Cakmakci, 2002 Kingston et al., 2004 Pizzi, Goldfarb, Nash, 2001 Wakefield et al., 1999 Wild Bradley, 2005). The pattern of a fair and just culture refers to the way an organization handles safety issues. Humans are fallible they make mistakes. In a just culture, hazardous human behavior such as staff errors, near-misses and risky actions are identified and discussed openly in hopes of finding ways to improve processes and systems not to identify and punish the individual (Pepe Cataldo, 2011).In the Philippines, where nurses face a lot of wor kplace-related issues such as understaffing, undue remuneration, and contrasted employers to name a few, they become more vulnerable to making mistakes. With so much pressure at hand due to how these errors are addressed currently plus the fact that nurses are more often unappreciated, they may burnout putting the delivery of care at stake. This existing practice is opposed by the model of Just Culture, where according to Pepe and Cataldo (2011), is a model that distinguishes among human error, at-risk behavior, reckless behavior, malicious willful violations and the corresponding levels of accountability.Moreover, just culture is not a blame-free approach. It is a dodge that gets into the root of the problem, whether it is a worker wilfully contributing to the error or the system providing inadequate support to the workers need. Furthermore, it is a system of justice that involves both investigatory action and disciplinary action. Hence, a just culture stands between a blaming or punitive culture, on the one hand, and a no-blame or anything-goes culture, on the other. This view reflects the connotation of balance typically associated with the terms just or fair. (Weiner, Hobgood Lewis, 2007). It balances the need to learn from mistakes and the need to take disciplinary action where appropriate.In a setting where just culture is implemented, encouragement of error disclosure is emphasized through open communication. As stated in Skybrary (2014) the personnel is clear, that in the interest of safety, the organisation wants to know, at all times, about unsafe events, unsafe situations that have presented themselves or could arise. They are keen to step forward and speak up when they perceive a situation as dangerous, think of a procedure as risky, or any other issue in their daily tasks that they infer as potentially harmful and are yet without good remedy. This system makes sure the staffs are motivated to report and the trend must be maintained. Moreover , whenever there are reports, the organization assures that they are acknowledged, discussed properly and provided with appropriate feedbacks.When errors occur, the person who committed the error is not blamed instantly. He or she is not punished now but rather a safety investigation is initiated to determine the proper disciplinary action. The organisation investigates why this error was made and what can be through to avoid them or to mitigate the effects for future operations. The workforce is protected as best as possible from negative consequences resulting from human error or subsequent investigations and in principle the organisation will defend and support people should external prosecutions or litigations target them. The organisation attempts to repair the situation as best as possible and restore the operations to normal. The organisation provides compensation for those that have experienced personal loss or damage. The organisation tries hard to prevent that same event from happening again. A case is not closed by condemning or finding the guilty one, but by discovering the underlie problems in the system, by rectifying this and by repairing the damages done (Skybrary, 2014).When the problem is discovered, rectified and repaired, the organisation then communicates the situation with confidentiality to all the members of the group. This dissemination intends not to humiliate psyche but rather provides a learning platform for everyone. In just culture, the error that has happened was seen not as something to be fixed but rather an hazard of learning and ironing the system. It creates an environment of introspection while errors are discussed and collectively outlines improved policies, protocols and/or guidelines. It also shapes a venue for the enrichment of managerial competencies.Hence, it is an implicit claim of just culture that it is inevitable for practitioners to commit mistakes that even the most experienced individual is capable of makin g mistakes. It is also implied in just culture that penalty is not an assurance that workers will not be making mistakes and that perfecting a performance is impossible and can never be sustained.ANA (2010), in their position report card about this concept officially endorse the Just Culture concept as a strategy to reduce errors and promote patient safety in health care. In their efforts to endorse this non-punitive approach, they promote and disseminate information about the Just Culture concept in ANA publications, through constituent member associations, and ANA connected organizations. Hence, the feasibility of incorporating this approach in the present system in the Philippines must also be taken into consideration.However, the adopting organization must develop its own strategies in implementing just culture. It is because no single method fits all in applying the just culture. This concept, when used as an approach in improving the quality of care, must be contextualized depending on the acceptance and capability of the institution to implement this model. Once this approach is incorporated in the system, ANA (2010) encourages continued research into the effectiveness of the Just Culture concept in improving patient safety and employee performance outcomes. To this end, Just Culture might just be the absolute answer to the faulty system not only of nursing but might as well the entire Philippine Healthcare system.ReferencesErickson, A. K. (2012, November 1). Step forward Hospital journey to Just Culture. pharmacist.com. Retrieved may 28, 2014, from http//www.pharmacist.com/step-forward-hospitals-journey-just-cultureANA. (n.d.). Just Culture. http//nursingworld.org/. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http//nursingworld.org/psjustcultureBrewer, K. (n.d.). How a Just Culture Can Improve Safety in Health Care. Medscape Log In. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/746089_2Building a Just Culture. (2014, January 8). SKYbrary . Retri eved May 30, 2014, from http//www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Building_a_Just_CultureColorado Firecamp A Roadmap to a Just Culture. (n.d.). Colorado Firecamp A Roadmap to a Just Culture. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from http//coloradofirecamp.com/just-culture/index.htmEsarr Advisory Material/Guidance Document (EAM/GUI). (2006, bump into 31). Skybrary. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from . http//www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/235.pdfEurocontrol Driving excellence in ATM performance. (n.d.). Just culture. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from https//www.eurocontrol.int/articles/just-cultureHarbour, T. (n.d.). Just Environment Command Climate, Leadership, and Error Forest Service Fire and melodic line Management Becoming a Learning Culture. http//high-reliability.org/. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http//high-reliability.org/files/Harbour_HRO_Abstract_Just_Culture.pdfJust Culture. (n.d.). SKYbrary . Retrieved May 30, 2014, from http//www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Just_CultureJust Culture Policy. (n.d.). Eurocontrol. Retrieved May 28, 2014, from http//www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/publication/files/201209-just-culture-policy.pdfMarx, D. (n.d.). Patient Safety and the Just Culture . health.ny.gov. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http//www.health.ny.gov/professionals/patients/patient_safety/conference/2007/docs/patient_safety_and_the_just_culture.pdfNCBON. (n.d.). Just Culture In Nursing Regulation . ncbon.com. Retrieved May 29, 2014, from http//www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/cet-booklet.pdfPepe, J., Cataldo, P. J. (2011). Log in. Manage Risk, Build a Just Culture. Retrieved swaggering 10, 2014, from https//www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/july-august-2011/manage-risk-build-a-just-cultureWISE, D. (n.d.). Getting To Know Just Culture Outcome Engenuitys Just Culture Community. Outcome Engenuitys Just Culture Community. Retrieved May 30, 2014, from https//www.justculture.org/getting-to-know-just-culture/Weiner, B. J., Hobgood, C., Lewis, M. A. (2008). The m eaning of justice in safety incident reporting. Social Science Medicine, 66(2), 403-413.

Discrimination And Empowerment In Mental Health Social Work Essay

Discrimination And Empowerment In Mental Health Social Work EssayThis turn up go away firstly define what discrimination is and what it means to furcate against something. It depart then explain what it means to discriminate against someone or a chemical group in social work utilize. This will be a very broad definition that encompasses a variety of different assist user groups. Examples will be used to demonstrate what discrimination whitethorn look like in social work practice and everyday life. To gain a rectify understand the essay will critically research theory and ideas around power and how power manifests between groups. This part of the essay will touch on the idea of othering. The essay will use social constructionism theory to analyse this concept of power.The essay will then focus in on mental health. This part of the essay will firstly look at what a mental health problem is and explore the stigma of being labelled with a mental health problem. The essay will t hen go deeper to focus on how the western medical model can discriminate against Black and ethnic Minority groups (BME), even if indirectly. The essay will then critically explore why BME adults, particularly men, are overrepresented in the mental health service. Links will be made to institutional racism and the fact that BME children are underrepresented in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS).In in broadest definition, to discriminate means to differentiate or to recognise a distinction (Oxford Dictionaries 2012). In this broad sense it is a part of daily life to discriminate. For example, an adult may discriminate between lanes on a motorway and a baby will often discriminate between a stranger and their caregiver. Discrimination becomes a problem when the difference or recognised distinction is used for the basis of unfair treatment. This is the discrimination that social workers need to be vigilant for.Discrimination is non always intentional (Thompson 2009) a nd there are various types of discrimination (EHRC 2012). Discrimination can be direct, indirect, based on the perception that someone has a defend characteristic or discriminate against someone who is associated with a person who has a protected characteristic (EHRC 2012). The Equality Act (2010) also aims to protect tribe with a protective characteristic(s) from victimisation, harassment and failure to make reasonable adjustments (Home Office 2012). Thompsons (1997) PCS model demonstrates that discrimination is non always on a personal level and it is not just solely down to the individual. I will return to the PCS model later on in the essay.Social workers act as mediators between service users and the state. Social workers are in a role that can potential droply empower or oppress (Thompson 1997). For this reason Thompson (1997 11) argues that good practice must be anti-discriminatory practice. All other areas of practice could be brilliant and the social worker could have v ery good intentions but if the social worker cannot recognise the marginalised spatial relation of some of the people they are working with their interventions could potentially further oppress (Thompson 1997). Thompson (1997) reminds the reader galore(postnominal) times throughout the book that If youre not part of the solution you are part of the problem. I choose to include this because it reinforces that social workers need to challenge discrimination and take action against it. To accept it and to not swim against the lunar time period does indeed make us part of the problem.Where does discrimination come from and why do people, institutions and systems discriminate against people? This part of the essay will critically explore the concept of power and social constructionism in relation to discrimination and social work. Power is defined by Haralambos and Holborn 2000 540) very loosely as the ability to purport your own way even when others are opposed to your wishes. This is of course a very simple definition of a complex concept. There are many models and theories around power. Thompson (1998 42) identified a common theme of the ability to influence or control people, events, processes or resources. These common themes of power all have the potential to be used destructively in social work. Social workers have the ability and power to influence and control, whether this is on an individual personal level or as a gate keeper of services or agent of control. Social workers need to be aware of power as they work with people who are marginalised and powerless in comparison people who social workers could potentially oppress and even worse, abuse.Giddens (1993) makes close links between power and inequality.EHRC Equality and kind-hearted rights commission., 2012. Viewed 2012.11.10 What is discrimination? online. Available from http//www.equalityhumanrights.com/advice-and-guidance/education-providers-schools-guidance/key-concepts/what-is-discrimination/G iddens, A., 1993. Sociology (2nd ed). Cambridge PolityHaralambos, M, Holborn, M., 2000. Sociology themes and perspectives. London HarperCollins Publishers LtdHome Office., 2012. viewed 2012.11.11 Equality Act 2010 online. Available from http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/equalities/equality-act/Oxford Dictionaries., 2012. Viewed 2012.10.19 Discriminate Online. Available from http//oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/discriminate?q=discriminateThompson, N., 1997. Anti-Discriminatory practice (2nd ed). Basingstoke Macmillan PressThompson,N., 1998. Promoting Equality challenging discrimination and oppression in human services. Basingstoke Macmillan Press LtdThompson, N., 2009. Practising social work. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan

Superconducting Transition Temperature Determination

Superconducting Transition Temperature DeterminationFabrication of YBa2Cu3O7- and Determination of its Superconducting Transition TemperatureA superconducting solid is champion which at a small(a)(a)er place a certain critical temperature exhibits, amongst other remarkable traits a total lack of resistivity, perfect diamagnetism and a reassign in the character of the specific alter message. The BCS theory describes perfectly the phenomenon of superconductivity in low temperature superconductors, but atomic number 50 non explain the interaction mechanism in mellowed temperature superconductors. In vagabond to determine the superconducting transition temperature of cardinal laboratory fabricated batches of YBCO their resistivity and specific raise up capacity were thrifty as functions of temperature. From resistivity appreciatements the two batches were put in to put one across transition temperatures of 86.8(0.8)K and 87.8(0.4)K respectively which were apply to infe r their oxygen contents of 6.82(0.01) and 6.83(0.01) atoms per molecule respectively. These agreed with XRD information and the literary works upper hold dear of the transition temperature of 95K (with an oxygen content of 6.95). Specific heat capacity measurements of the frontmost batch gave questionable confirmation of these results, but could not be performed on the second batch due to cartridge clip constraints.19 January 2010Page 14 of 14Josephine pantryman CollegeI. Introduction and TheoryA superconducting material is defined as one in which a finite fraction of the electrons atomic number 18 condensed into a superfluid, which ext oddments over the complete volume of the system and is capable of motion as a whole. At nothing temperature the condensation is complete and on the whole of the electrons participate in the forming of the superfluid. As the temperature of the material approaches the superconducting transition temperature (or critical temperature, given by Tc) the fraction of electrons within the superfluid tends to zero and the system undergoes a second order phase transition from a superconducting to a regulation state.iThe phenomenon of superconductivity was first observed by Kamerlingh Onnes in Leiden in 1911 during an electrical analysis of mercury at low temperatures. He represent that at a temperature around 4K the foeman of mercury fell abruptly to a value which could not be distinguished from zero.iiiThe next great leap in data-based superconductivity came in 1986 when Mller and Bednorz fabricated the first cuprate superconductorv.After its lack of resistivity one of the most striking features of a superconductor is that it exhibits perfect diamagnetism. First seen in 1933 by Meissner and Ochsenfeld, diamagnetism in superconductors manifests itself in two ways. The first manifestation occurs when a superconducting material in the normal state is cooled past the critical temperature and then placed in a magnetic field whic h exit then be excluded from the superconductor. The second appears when a superconductor (in its normal state) is placed in a magnetic field and the flow is allowed to penetrate. If it is then cooled past the critical temperature it will expel the magnetic flux in a phenomenon know as the Meissner effect.vi This evoke be seen qualitatively in embodiment 1.In 1957, Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer managed to construct a wave function in which electrons are paired. Know as the BCS theory of superconductivity it is utilize as a complete microscopic theory for superconductivity in metals. One of the key features of the BCS theory is the prediction of an animation gap, the consequences of which are the thermal and most of the electromagnetic properties of superconducting materials. The key c erstptual element to this theory is the formation of Cooper pairs close to the Fermi level.Although direct electrostatic interactions betwixt electrons are repulsive it is possible for the dist ortion of the positively aerated ionic lattice by the electron to attract other electrons. Thus, screening by ionic motion move yield a net, attractive interaction between electrons (as large as they cast off energies which are separated by less than the energy of a typical phonon) causing them to pair up, albeit over long distances.Given that these electrons can experience a net attraction it is not un causationable that the electrons might form bound pairs, effectively forming composite bosons with integer keel of either 0 or 1. This is made even more likely by the influence of the remaining electrons on the interacting pair. The BCS theory takes this idea one touchstone further and constructs a ground state in which all of the electrons form bound pairs.This electron-phonon interaction invariably leads to one of the three experimental proofs of the BCS theory. A voice of theory known as the isotope effect provided a crucial key to the development of the BCS theory. It was f ound that for a given element the super conducting transition temperature, TC, was in drop dead proportional to the square root of the isotope mass, M (equation 1).TC?M-12 (1)viiThis same relationship holds for characteristic vibrational frequencies of atoms in a crystal lattice and therefore proves that the phenomenon of superconductivity in metals is related to the vibrations of the lattice through which the electrons move. However this only holds true for low temperature superconductors (a fact which will be discussed in more detail at a later stage in this section).Both of the two further experimental proofs of BCS theory come from the energy gap in the superconducting material. The first proof is in the fact that it was predicted and actually exists (figure 2) and the second lies in its temperature dependence. From band theory, energy bands are a consequence of a static lattice structure. However, in a superconducting material, the energy gap is much smaller and results from the attractive force between the electrons within the lattice. This gap occurs either side of meat of the Fermi level, EF, and in conventional superconductors arises only under TC and varies with temperature (as shown in figure 3). figure 2 Dependence of the superconducting and normal density of states, DS and Dn respectively. From Superconductivity, Poole, C.P., Academic Press (2005), page164At zero Kelvin all of the electrons in the material are accommodated below the energy gap and a minimum energy of 2 must be supplied in order to stimulate them across the gap. BCS theory predicts equation 2 which has since been experimentally proven,T=0=CkBTC (2) viiiwhere theoretically the constant C is 1.76 although experimentally in real superconductors it can switch between 1.75 and 2.45.Figure 3 Temperature dependence of the BCS gap function, . Adapted from The Superconducting State, A.D.C. Grassie, Sussex University Press (1975), page43As before stated it has been found that the firs t of these BCS proofs does not hold for high temperature superconductors. In these materials it has been found that in the relation stated as equation 1, the exponential tends towards zero as opposed to minus one half. This indicates that for high temperature superconductors it is not the electron-phonon interaction that gives rise to the superconducting state. Numerous interactions have been explored in an attempt to try and determine the interaction responsible for high temperature superconductivity but so far none have been successful.Figure 4 A plot of TC against TF derived from penetration depth measurements. Taken from Magnetic-field penetration depth in K3C60 measured by muon spin relaxation, Uemura Y.J. et al. Nature (1991) 352, page 607.In figure 4 it can be seen that the superconducting elements constrained by BCS theory lie far from the vast legal age of new high temperature superconducting materials which appear to lie on a line parallel to TF, the Fermi temperature and TB, the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature, indicating a divergent interaction method.One of the most extensively studied properties of the superconductor is its specific heat capacity and how its demeanor changes with temperature (seen in figure 5). It is known that above the transition temperature the normal state specific heat of a material, Cn, can be given by equation 3 (below) which consists of a elongate term from the conduction electrons and a cubic phonon term (the summing up Schottky contribution has been ignored in this case and and A are constants).Cn=T+AT3 (3)ixDue to the aforementioned energy gap it is also predicted by BCS theory that at the superconducting transition temperature there will be a discontinuity in the specific heat capacity of the material of the order 1.43 as seen in equation 4 (where CS is the superconducting state heat capacity) and figure 5.CS-TCTC=1.43 (4)xHowever for high temperature superconductors this ratio is likely to be much smalle r due to a large contribution from the phonon term in the normal state specific heat capacity.Figure 5 Heat Capacity of Nb in the normal and superconducting states showing the sharp discontinuity at TC. Taken from The Solid State Third Edition, H.M Rosenberg, Oxford University Press (1988), page 245Now that the concept of the high temperature superconductor has been explained this report can return to one of the sign concepts of how the behaviour of resistivity changes with temperature. A low temperature superconductor is likely to obey the T5 Bloch law at low temperatures and so its resistivity will number to zero in a non- one-dimensional region. In contrast the resistivity of a high temperature superconductor should fall to zero before it leaves the linear region. The resistivity indite of a high temperature superconductor can also be used to determine its purity. By comparing the range of temperatures over which the transition occurs with the transition temperature itself an indicator of purity can be determined (equation 5, where PI is the purity indicator and T the magnitude of the region over which the transition occurs). In this case a value of zero would indicate a perfectly pure sample.TTC=PI (5)xiOther than for scientific purposes, within the laboratory, the biggest application of superconductors at the moment is to produce to the large, stable magnetic field required for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Due to the costliness of high temperature superconductors the magnets used in these applications are usually low temperature superconductors. It is for this same reason that the commercial applications of high temperature superconductors are still extremely limited (that and the fact that all high temperature superconducting materials discovered so far are brittle ceramics which cannot be shaped into everything useful e.g. wires).Yttrium barium slob oxide (or YBCO) is just one of the aforementioned high temp erature, cuprate superconductors. Its crystal structure consists of two CuO2 planes, held aside by a single atom of yttrium, either side of which sits a BaO plane followed by Cu-O chains. This can be seen in greater detail in figure 6.Figure 6 The orthorhombic structure of YBCO required for superconductivity. Adapted from High-Temperature Superconductivity in Curpates, A. Mourachkine, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2002), page 40If the structure only has 6 atoms of oxygen per building block cell then the Cu-O chains do not exist and the compound behaves as an antiferromagnetic insulator. In order to create the Cu-O chains and for the compound to change to a superconductor at low temperatures it has to be doped gradually with oxygen. The superconducting state has been found to exist in compounds with oxygen content anywhere from 6.4 to 7 with high hat doping creation found to occur at an oxygen content of about 6.95.xiiThis report intends to determine the superconducting transition temperature of a laboratory fabricated sample of YBCO. This will be a kieved by measuring how both its resistivity and specific heat capacity vary as a function of temperature.II.I Fabrication and Calibration MethodsTo tell an even firing of the sample within the furnace and to pass out where in the furnace the change profile was closest to that of the actual heating program, three temperature profiles of the furnace were taken epoch heating. The length of the furnace was measured with a metre ruler and found to be 351cm. Four k-type thermocouples were then evenly spaced (every 11.50.5cm) along the length of it, as can be seen in figure 7 below.Figure 7 Transverse section of the furnace. Thermocouples are numbered 1 to 4 and the length of the furnace surrounded by heating coils is shown in green, blocked at either end by a radiation shield.Temperature profiles were taken for each of the temperature programs displayed in figure 8 all started at room temperature and were left win g to run until the temperature displayed by the thermocouples had stopped increasing.Figure 8 Details of furnace programs used to obtain the temperature profiles shown in section III.While this was macrocosmness done samples of YBCO were fabricated. The chemical equation for the falsehood of YBCO is as follows in equation 6 and the amounts of the reactants required to fabricate 0.025 mol are displayed in figure 9Y2O3+4BaCO3+6CuIIO2YBa2Cu3O7- (6)Figure 9 Quantities of reactants required to fabricate 0.025 mol YBCO. Relative molecular masses (RMMs) encryptd using relative atomic massesThe procedure for fabrication can be seen in figure 10 and using this technique two batches of YBCO were fabricated, the first yielded just one pellet and the second batch yielded four.Figure 10 Describes the steps taken during fabrication of superconducting YBCO samples.In order to obtain a more accurate value of the temperature within the sample space of the cryostat the exemption of a platinum t hermometer was measured as a function of temperature. In order to do this a Pt100 platinum thermometer was varnished to one side of a cryostat probe and attached via a four point probe to a power source (as can be seen in figure 11), an ammeter and a voltmeter (Keithley 2000 DMMs). The ammeter and the voltmeter were connected to a computer in order that live data could be fed straight into a LabView program (appendix 2) which would record the data to both a much great accuracy and precision than could be done by a human. Although a stable and constant current was used it was felt, in the care of good practise, necessary to add the live feed ammeter into the LabView program as tiny fluctuations in current could have potentially changed results which would not have been detect otherwise.The probe was then placed in the sample space which was subsequently vacuumed (to a pressure of 810-4 Torr) and flushed with helium twice. The sample space was then left full of helium due to its hig h thermal conductivity. The cryostat was cooled with liquid nitrogen to a temperature of approximately 77K and the LabView program left to record the change in the resistance of the platinum thermometer (using Ohms law, V=IR) and its equal temperature (from the intelligent temperature controller or ITC) while the cryostat heated up naturally. The temperature increase function of the program was not used as leaving the cryostat to heat up as slowly as possible allowed data to be gathered over a much greater stream of cartridge clip which lead to a relationship with less error. This relationship was plotted in order that the temperature dependant resistance profile of the platinum thermometer could be merged into the LabView program for use in future experiments to determine more accurately the temperature of the sample space.While this was being done the dimensions of the cut samples were measured using vernier callipers and weighed in order to determine a density for YBCO. Each dimension was measured six times (to reduce random error) by two different people (to reduce systematic error). The off cuts of each batch of YBCO were then sent off for X-ray diffraction analysis in order to determine the chemical composition of the fabricated samples. The diffraction was carried out using a wavelength of 1.54184.II.II Fabrication and Calibration Results, Analysis and InterpretationThe three temperature profiles of the furnace can be seen below in figure 12. The results are slightly skewed due to one end of the furnace having been left open in order to allow the thermocouples to sit inside the furnace. This can be seen back in figure 7.The measurements were taken by eye over a 10 second time period. It was therefore decided that the errors on the time should be 5 seconds and the error on the temperature 1K, both of which are unfortunately too small to be seen on the profiles. The data points were fitted to cubic curves as this best matched the physical behaviour o f the heating.Figure 12 Temperature profiles of the furnace. The temperature of the program is shown in black crosses and the temperatures of thermocouples 1, 2, 3 and 4 are shown in yellow, red, green and blue respectively.It can at one time be seen from figure 12 that, during the initial stages of heating, the temperatures of all of the thermocouples interim behind that of the furnace program, specifically those of the thermocouples at the open end of the furnace (1 and 2). This can be accounted for due to myopic thermal insulation at the open end of the furnace.It can also be seen that as the furnace reaches its required temperature and begins its dwell time the temperatures of the thermocouples continue to rise for a short duration before also levelling out. The most likely reason for this is that once the furnace reaches its required temperature the program will instantaneously cut the current to the heating coils. They will still however have thermal energy in them which wi ll leach through the ceramic inner of the furnace into the firing space itself. another(prenominal) striking feature of the profiles that can be seen is that the longer the furnace has to reach the required temperature, the more linear the increase in temperature is throughout the furnace.It was therefore deduced that had the furnace been sealed at both ends with radiation rods and covers, then the centre of the furnace would be that which had a temperature profile closest to that of the furnace program. It was also decided that in order to ensure a steady, linear rate of heating, a slower increase in temperature would be used.The masses of the batches before and by and by calcinations were compared and were found to have decreased by an average of 2.44(0.01)% of their initial masses. This was expected as one of the by-products created during the calcination of BaCO3 is CO2 which would have been removed from the furnace during this heating period therefore reducing the mass of the compound.The weights of the samples from batch two before and after annealing were compared and it was found that each of the samples of YBCO had increased in mass by an average of 3.51(0.03)% of their initial masses. This was unexpected as during the annealing process the compound is cut and so should lose mass. One possible explanation for this could be a simultaneous reduction and oxygen doping of the compound in order to try and gormandise the copper and oxygen chains shown in figure 6.The densities of both batches of YBCO were calculated by weighing each of the samples from that batch and dividing their masses by their measured volumes. The densities of batches one and two were found to be 5.25(0.04)gcm-3 and 3.5(0.1)gcm-3 respectively. The greater error stated with the value of the density of the second batch of YBCO is a result of an error on the call back being taken whereas the error on the density of the first batch is merely propagated from those of its volume and mass as there was only one sample.When literature values of the density of YBCO were consulted it was found that the compound has a variable density of anywhere from 4.4 to 5.3gcm-3.xiii When comparing this range to the experimentally determined values of this parameter it was found that the density of the first batch lay just inside the range whilst the density of the second batch lay well outside of the lower end of it. One possible reason for the very low value of the density of batch two could be that its samples were left in the press for less time than batch one during sintering.All samples were checked to see whether they exhibited the Meissner effect. All did and a photograph showing this can be seen below in figure 13The X-ray analysis of the two laboratory fabricated batches of YBCO can be seen in figure 14 below. The intensities were recorded every 0.01 degrees and then scaled fitly using the greatest intensity in order that they could be compared to each other.As can be seen in figure 14 when both data sets are overlaid negligible differences can be seen. This indicates that both batches have almost identical chemical compositions and structure. A reasonable amount of background noise can be seen accompanied by an offset from zero intensity which changes in magnitude as the angle of diffraction increases. This can be accounted for by two factors. The first being tiny random impurities in the batches obtained by fabrication outside of a totally clean environment. The second is that small levels of the initial reactants may have not formed the required compound during calcination and annealing.A standard diffraction pattern of YBCO produced using the same wavelength of radiation was taken from The Chemical Database Service and can be seen below in figure 15. When this is compared to the patterns of the two laboratory fabricated samples in figure 14 all of the same intensity peaks can distinctly be identified. This would indicate that YBCO had been succe ssfully fabricated.Figure 15 X-Ray diffraction pattern of YBCO6. Calculation of the structural parameters of YBa2Cu3O7- and YBa2Cu4O8 under pressure, Ludwig H. A. et al., Physica C (1992) 197, 113-122.It was expected that the comparison of standard diffraction patterns of YBCO of different oxygen contents with those fabricated within the laboratory would allow their oxygen content to be deduced. This, however, could not be achieved as all of the standard patterns of YBCO found in journals and online databases from oxygen contents of 6 to 7 had extremely similar diffraction patterns.The resistance of the platinum thermometer was plotted against temperature and can be seen in figure 16.A linear relationship was fitted to the data as seen in figure 16 which produced a reduced chi squared value of 1.317 and equation 7.T=2.4958(0.0007)R+25.54(0.04) (7)The reduced chi value indicates a strong linear relationship while the equation of the line gives a resistance of 99.2(0.2) at a temperatu re of 273.2(0.1)K. When compared to the technical data for this ingredient which gives a resistance of 100.00xiv at a temperature of 273.15K, it shows very close correspondence although not within error. A temperature of one less significant figures accuracy had to be used in this calculation due to the inability of the ITC to measure temperature to any more than one decimal place.This slight difference between the reference and experimental values of the resistance of the Pt100 at a given temperature can be accounted for by the position of the ITCs heat sensor. This lies just outside of the sample space and would creator the ITCs heat sensor to detect a small increase in temperature before it was received by the Pt100 within the sample space. Thus causing the Pt100 to lag behind in temperature (even if only slightly) and would therefore cause the slightly lower resistance for the given temperature as calculated above and can be seen as a very slight systematic error.III.I Resisti vity MethodsOne of the cut samples was fixed to the other side of the probe to the Pt100 with thermally insulating varnish and four copper wire contacts were painted onto it with electrically conductive silver paint. The separation of each of the four wires was measured with vernier callipers six times each by two different people for the same reasons as before and recorded for later calculation. A four point probe resistance measurement was used in order to avoid the indirect measuring of resistances other than just the sample resistance. The contact resistance and spreading resistance are also normally measured by a simple two point resistance measurement. The four point probe uses two separate contacts to carry current and two to measure the potential drop (in order to set up a uniform current density across the sample) and can be seen in figure 17.In a four point probe the current carrying probes will still be subject to the extra resistances but this will not be true for the v oltage probes which should draw little to no current due to the high impedance of the voltmeter. The potential, V, at a distance ,r, from an electrode carrying a current, I, in a material of resistivity, ?, can be expressed byV=?I2r=?I21S1+1S3-1S1+S2-1S2+S3 (8)xvwhere r has also been expressed in terms of the contact separations (figure 17). This can be rearranged in order to calculate the value of the resistivity of material being measured.The probe was once again inserted into the cryostat and the cryostat was cooled as detailed in section II.I. Once the sample had reached a temperature equal to that of the boiling point of liquid nitrogen a LabView program was left to run which recorded the resistance of the sample and its corresponding temperature. The program used to do this can be seen in appendix 2. Although a temperature increase function was built into the program, the cryostat was left to warm up naturally for the same reason used when calibrating the platinum thermometer. The set up for this can be seen below in figure 18.Figure 18. Schematic for the resistivity experiment. Vacuum pumps and pressure gauges have been omitted as well as the heater on the ITC as none of the bear any real relevance to the experiment. Data cables are shown in red, Pt100 in blue and sample in grey.This was repeated for each sample of fabricated YBCO at least twice and their temperature dependant resistivity profiles can be seen in section III.IIIII.II Resistivity Results, Analysis and InterpretationsThe resistance profile of the sample from the first batch was measured twice and these profiles can be seen in figure 19. unfortunately it was not possible on this occasion to measure the four point probe contact separations on this first sample before it was removed and so these profiles could not be adjusted to those of resistivity using equation 8. However, as this transformation is simply a stretch in the y-axis, it does not change the behaviour of the transition or the v alue of the transition temperature obtained from the profile.It can be seen in figure 19 that although the first profile cuts out at approximately a temperature of 190 Kelvin, both profiles follow virtually the same path until that point. The first profile cuts out early due to data points being taken once every second causing the program to fail and shut down. The number of data points was then cut to one every three seconds for subsequent experiments.With measurements being taken automatically by computer (and with the Keithley multimeters ability to measure currents and voltages to 7 significant figures) the errors on the resistance were negligible (0.003% of the value of the resistance) and so can not be seen in figure 19. The same is true of the errors on the temperature. Assuming that equation 7 is correct then with a 0.003% error on any calculated resistance, the temperature of the sample space should only have an error of 0.04K.Had each of the samples been perfectly pure the ir profiles would have a very sharp transition between the states and the transition temperature would be very clear. However as a result of the broadening of this transition due to the impurity of the samples a temperature could not be clearly defined. Had powerful enough graphing software been to hand and were the profile able to be fitted to any know curve on this software, the most reliable way to find the transition temperature would have been to plot the first derivative of resistivity with respect to temperature and then determine its maximum (corresponding to the point of inflection within the transition). This not being the case the temperature of the transition was approximated to be the temperature at the half way point in the drop between the two states.To ascertain at which points on the profile the change in state began and ended, separate lines of linear regression were fitted to the linear data in both the normal state and the superconducting state. These two lines o f regression were all-embracing closer and closer to the transition from either side until the adjusted R2 value of the lines of best fit was 0.999, which indicated an excellent linear fit.It was found upon inspection that the mid-point of the transition could be defined in two different ways the mid point in resistivity and the mid point in temperature (the mid-point in resistivity seemingly corresponding to slightly a different temperature than that found at the mid point of the temperature). This was due to a slight skew in the transition in the profile and so in order to clearly define the superconducting transition temperature a clearer approximation from the one stated before had to be made. It was therefore approximated that the temperature corresponding to the mid point in resistivity should be averaged with the mid point in temperature on the x-axis and the error be the temperature either side of this average value which either previous mid value lay. This can be seen mor e clearly in figure 20.Figure 20 Shows the method used to calculate the superconducting transition temperature using an expanded view of the first profile in figure 19. Lines of linear regression are shown in black either side of the area in which the transition occurs (in yellow). Both temperatures can be seen highlighted by dashed lines.By the use of this method it was determined that the transition temperatures for both of the profiles in figure 19 were 87.6(0.9)K and 86.0(0.4)K for the first and second profiles respectively. Although these do not agree with each other (within the confines set by the errors) an average was taken and found to be 86.8(0.8)K. The purity indicator was also calculated for each profil

Two Perspectives of Organization Theory Essay -- Business Management

Organization theory is the body of experience related to the examination and analysis of both the familiar workings of organizations and their interactions with their external environments. This knowledge is generated either through practical experience or through scientific inquiry. Organization theory is also concerned with applying this knowledge to designing and managing organizations. Contrary to what the term organization theory might suggest, the literature of this field of study teems with a variety of organization theories. Each theory offers a perspective for understanding organizations. The wealth of perspectives in organization theory stems from the diverse, complex, and dynamic nature of organizations and the wide range of academic disciplines underlying the field of organization theory. For either field of study as diverse as organization theory, controversies are bound to occur. Such a clash of perspectives occurred when Herbert Simon published The Proverbs of eart hly concern Administration---a nippy criticism of classical organization theory as exemplified by the work of Luther Gulick. I shall first summarize Gulicks and Simons central ideas about organizations, laying the ground to compare and contrast their approaches. Then I will consider Simons critique of Gulick, and to be fair to Gulick, we shall also examine arguments from an article write in Gulicks defense by Thomas Hammond. In the course of the discussion of the Gulick-Simon debate, I will take the liberty to interpose my comments on the arguments nonplus forth. My global comments on this debate are collected toward the end of this think piece. Let us first consider Gulicks perspective on organizations. Gulicks work on organization theory belongs t... ...e possibility for cross-fertilization between the existing paradigms exists. Perhaps, the best that can be done is to establish frameworks in which quaternate paradigms provide different viewpoints from which to exam ine the complexities of organizations. Works CitedGulick, Luther H. 1937. Notes on the Theory of Organization in Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (eds.), Papers on the Science of Administration, 145. New York Institute of Public Administration, Columbia University.Simon, Herbert A. 1946. The proverbs of Administration, Public Administration Review 6, 5367.Simon, Herbert A. 1947. Administrative Behavior. Fourth edition 1997. New York The Free Press.Hammond, Thomas H. 1990. In Defence of Luther Gulicks Notes on the Theory of Organization. Public Administration 68, 143173.

Critique of the Movie Matchstick Men :: Movie Film Essays

Critique of the Movie Matchstick MenI recently sympathize a review of Matchstick Men by Nicolas Bardot who said of the movie very touching that lacking a certain panache. The Matchstick Men starring Nicolas Cage, surface-to-air missile Rockwell, and Alison Lohman, is the story of Roy (Cage) who with his numerous disorders and his partner Frank (Rockwell) tries to pull off a con job. Unfortunately, Roys daughter Angela (Lohman) suddenly shows up and things dont go exactly as planned. Although Roys disorders are not mentioned specifically, I cant imagine they would make his job easy in the first place, but throw a long lost teenage daughter into the mix and I can not wait to see what happens next. Matchstick Men is an adaptation from an Eric Garcia figment and runs one hour and fifty six minutes.Bardot seems to vary on his opinion of this movie. He makes special note of John Mathiesons photography declaring it as superb, as well as expressing delight in the soundtrack which was comp iled by Hans Zimmer. Bardot seems to praise the movie for its depiction of anti-heroes, yet at the same time says that at multiplication it becomes slightly dull and uninteresting. Despite his lack of glowing praise for the picture, Bardot expands upon the expansive and spectacular past pictures by Ridley Scott, the director. Having directed such films as Gladiator and inkiness Hawk Down among new(prenominal)s, Bardot seems to think Scott has found a hidden talent in his new genre, comedy, declaring that his work on this picture is marvelous.Although Bardot mentions the performances of Nicolas Cage, Sam Rockwell, and Alison Lohman, I appetency he had gone into more detail as to what was good about them, or in Cages case unnerving. He also refrains from mentioning other details such as setting, costumes, and camera angles which I would find interesting.