Whitings Model

The motor skill example I am going to explain for each model is catching a ball in netball; there are 8 elements to Whiting’s model. The first element is the input data from display, the process which occurs in this element the player notices the display which is the environment and surroundings. The netball player would notice the ball, his teammates, opponents and spectators. This information will stimulate the sensory systems. The next element is the sense organs; the senses of vision, auditory and proprioception are used to gather information so the player is aware of what is happening around them.The player would visually see the ball and the direction of the ball, also the sense of hearing which is auditory would be used as the player would be hearing teammates talking and the coach giving instructions. The proprioceptors would be used such as touch, kinaesthetic and equilibrium to stimulate sensory receptors. The equilibrium would tell the performer whether he is balanc ed or in the right stance to be able to receive a catch. The next element is perceptual mechanisms; the information received by the sensory receptors is interpreted by making sense of the stimuli which is received.There is 3 concepts to this, firstly the detection phase where the brain identifies the stimulus present, then comparison phase which is once the stimulus is identifies, it is then compared to a similar stimuli that is stored in the schema. Lastly the recognition phase matches the stimulus to one which is stored in the memory and identified. The netball played would firstly interpret the speed of the ball and the trajectory of the ball coming to the player. Next in the translator mechanisms element, the information has been identified and interpreted so that the correct response can be put into action through the form of a motor programme.This is also the decision making phase as the movement identified leads to an action being chosen and being put in the correct order and where they will take place. The player would decide what position and stance to get into and the order of where these movements will take place. The next element is the effector mechanism where the motor programme is put into action by sending impulses via the nervous system to the muscles appropriate to the movement so the correct action can take place. The impulses would be sent to the player’s bicep and tricep brachii which would contract to get into the correct position to catch the ball.The perceptual, translator and effector mechanisms are all body boundary processes. The muscular system element is when the muscles which receive the impulses correspond and make the movements in the correct order of action. The example is the same for the effector mechanism where the impulse to the tricep and bicep brachii contract leading to the movement taking place. The output data is the end product itself so the netball player makes the catch or could drop the catch this then leads to the display changing and creates new information which is feedback after the motor programmes have taken place.Lastly the feedback data is received from intrinsic feedback which is internal sources such as proprioceptors which use the kinesthesis of the movement about whether it feels good. The other type is extrinsic feedback which is external sources such as teachers or coaches telling the player which are received by the auditory and visual systems, an example would be whether the catch felt good if the proprioceptors have a good feel for the movement.

Thyroid Cancer Specific Purpose

The purpose for my informative speech is to inform my audience about Thyroid Cancer. Thesis: How often do you know people with Thyroid Cancer? Not much? Thyroid Cancer is a nodule in the thyroid region of the neck. Many adults have small nodules in their thyroids, but typically fewer than 5% of these nodules are found to be malignant. Organization Format: My Speech will be organized in Chronological order. Introduction: I.Attention getter: I believe that if, at the end of it all according to our abilities, we have done something  to make others a little happier and something to make ourselves a little happier, that is about the best we can do. To make others less happy is a crime. To make ourselves unhappy is where all crime starts. We must try to contribute joy to the world. That is true no matter what our problems, our health, our circumstances†¦we must try. I didn’t always know this and I am happy that I lived long enough to find it out. -Roger Ebert; thyroid cancer survivor Relevance statement: Today, Thyroid Cancer has the highest cure percentage that any other cancer has. It is common in the United States. According to the National Cancer Institute about 37,000 people are diagnosed with thyroid cancer each year. We know that Thyroid Cancer is curable, but it does have some high side effects. It is also known as a small tumor. Thyroid cancer occurs in the cells of the thyroid. A butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck, just below your Adam's apple.Your thyroid produces hormones that regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight. II. Topic Disclosure: Thyroid cancer is a cancerous growth of the thyroid gland. Its Symptoms may vary depending on the type of thyroid cancer. III. Preview: Today I’d like to share with you and educate you on Thyroid Cancer and its Symptoms, treatments, causes and preventions. A. Symptoms: How every individual has different side effects depending how the cancerous the gl and B. Treatments: What is the cure of thyroid cancer, and keeping in good health.C. Causes and Preventions: The cause of Thyroid cancer, how to prevent it and why people get it. Body: 1. Thyroid cancer is a cancerous growth of the thyroid gland. Many symptoms of Thyroid Cancer can lead to negative side effects. †¢ A. The thyroid is located on your neck by a gland. Swelling of the neck, Difficulty swallowing, enlargement of the thyroid gland, roughness or changing voice, Neck swelling, and Thyroid lump (nodule) are symptoms of thyroid cancer. Some Symptoms may vary depending on the type of thyroid cancer or tumor a person has.Most people don’t know that they have Thyroid Cancer until they go to the doctors and they get examined. 2. The Treatment for Thyroid Cancer varies depending on the type of tumor. A. Having surgery is usually the treatment for the tumor. The entire Gland is removed. If the surgeon notices that the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, then they will also be removed. B. Radiation therapy is the medical use of ionizing radiation as part of cancer treatment to control malignant cells. It is delivered by taking radioactive iodine is often used, with or without surgery.Radiation therapy with an external beam of radiation can also be used. C. After the treatment, you need to take a thyroid hormone to replace what your glands used to make. A thyroid hormone is responsible for regulation our hormones. The dose of the treatment is usually a little higher than what your body needs, which helps keep the cancer from returning. D. If the cancer does not respond to surgery or radiation and has spread to other parts of the body, chemotherapy may be used, but this is only effective for a third of patients. 3. The cause in thyroid Cancer can occur in all age groups. A. People who have had radiation therapy to the neck are at higher risk. Radiation therapy was commonly used in the 1950s to treat enlarged thymus glands, adenoids and tonsils, and skin disorders. People who received radiation therapy as children are at increased risk for getting thyroid cancer. As they get older the symptoms are rare. B. 1. There are different causes of Thyroid Cancer. Anaplastic carcinoma (also called giant and spindle cell cancer) is the most dangerous form of thyroid cancer. It is rare, and does not respond to radioiodine therapy.Anaplastic carcinoma spreads quickly and invades nearby structures such as the windpipe (trachea), causing breathing difficulties. 2. Follicular carcinoma accounts for about 30% of all cases and is more likely to come back and spread. 3. Medullary carcinoma is a cancer of nonthyroid cells that are normally present in the thyroid gland. This form of the thyroid cancer tends to occur in families. It requires different treatment than other types of thyroid cancer. 4. Papillary carcinoma is the most common type, and usually affects women of childbearing age.It spreads slowly and is the least dangerous type of thyroid cancer. 4. To test someone for Thyroid cancer, you must go to the medical office and a physical examination can reveal a thyroid mass or nodule which is usually in the lower part of the front of the neck, or enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. A. Once tested, the results can be as stated; showing paralyzed vocal cords, Thyroid biopsy showing anaplastic, papillary cancer cells. Final Transition statement: In conclusion, Thyroid cancer can be cured. It takes a long process to be cured but by staying healthy and getting monthly check up, you life can change.We know that there is a lot of types of thyroid cancer, but some are highly curable. Conclusion: As I educated you about thyroid cancer, I hope everyone has a good vision on the types of thyroid cancer, symptoms, treatment, the cause and why people get thyroid cancer and how people get tested on their glands for thyroid cancer.Works Cited Wyckoff Cindy. Roger Ebert. 2 march , 2010 . 15 October, 2010 . Wikipedia. Thyroid Cancer. 3 Oct ober 2010 . 15 October, 2010 . National Cancer Institute. Thyroid Cancer. . 15 October, 2010 .

Is Democracy the Best Form of Political System?

Although there are many virtues to enjoy about democracy and democratic forms of government and political systems, this form of government has still many impending challenges yet to be accomplished. In that sense, I agree with Winston Churchill, on the grounds that â€Å"democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried† (Churchill). Looking at democracy through both its weaknesses and strengths in comparison to other forms of government makes it evident that it is the best form of political system we have, democracy has been subject to problems with, tyranny of the minority, and collective action.Despite all the democratic weaknesses of this form of government, democracy is still highly consistent in terms of Unpredictable outcomes, managing diversity. Lipset, in Political Man, described democracy as â€Å" a political system which supplies regular constitutional opportunities, and a social mechanism which permits the largest possible part of the population to influence major decisions by choosing among contenders for political office†(Glazer). This definition is generally accepted in a democratic heaven in which the heavenly chorus does not sing with a strong upper-class accent (lecture), but this is not always the case.Despite the democratic institutions based on the principle of equal opportunity, political power is not always distributed equally in a democracy. This is clearly seen in India where the â€Å"high cost of campaigning and the opaque system of election finance have titled the electoral odds heavily in favour of the very rich or the easily corrupted† (Ronjoy Sen 90). Although, similar problems can be found in other forms of governments and political system, what differentiates democracy from other regimes is how it manages to deal with those problems.For instance, in Germany’s authoritarian Fascist regime, â€Å"Hitler was very much his own master† (Henry Turner), and his war aims eventually led Germany to a world war conflict. By comparing Fascist Germany to India’s corrupt democracy, it is clearly demonstrated while, â€Å"small groups of leader have the final say in all important matters†(Sen), democracy is still a political system which allows the largest part of the population to influence major decisions. This is best illustrated when â€Å"India’s unpopular BJP Party lost power nationally in an election† (Nathan Glazer 18).Not every democracy will succeed in dealing with challenges of tyranny of minority and corruption, but democratic forms of government have institutions which offer capacity to change leaders in response to public discontent without changing the system. Collective action is a classical challenge in democracy and democratic forms of government. According to Blais, one of the main criteria for assessing electoral systems is representativeness. â€Å"This guarantees an electoral system in which the vote reflects as precisely as possible citizen’s preferences† (Blais 5).However, one of the challenges of a democratic electoral system is even if we have the right to express our views; we would not take advantage of it. As Olson in the article A Theory of Groups and Organization, notes, â€Å"Individuals in any group attempting collective action will have incentives to free ride if the group is working to provide public goods†(Olson). This is because the information cost of researching different candidates makes voting irrational, since the benefits of voting are not entirely clear.As a result, this promotes free riding, and a democratic government which vote does not reflect citizen’s preferences. If†¦ then not only it will be difficult by large groups to achieve their interests in common, but situations could occur where small groups can take over the majority’s incentives. However, what differentiates a democratic form of government from a tota litarian communist a regime is how it deals with the collective action problem with the help of institutional features such as courts.Courts are important political players in democracy. They are expected to moderate, and deal with challenges of democratic politics, not a setting for Stalin’s show trials. As Nathan Glazer put it, â€Å"Courts are accepted as ultimate arbiters not to be irresponsibly challenged. They can take unpopular positions that elected representative bodies cannot or do not, and in doing so they sustain the liberal objectives of democracies† (Nathan Glazer 19). Democracy is mainly about unpredictable outcomes.What makes democracy highly consistent is not knowing what the next election turnout will be, but having confidence that the candidate with a majority of votes would be elected. The essential goal of democracy is to provide a fair degree of uncertainty. What makes this form of government unique in contrast to China’s authoritarian regi me is its ability to allow an alternation of power. For instance, in a democratic election, as Andre Blais had noted, â€Å"Losers believe that even though they may have lost this time there is a real possibility that they will win another time.Because, even though they do not like the outcome, they recognize that the procedure is legitimate† (Blais 3). This raises the question under what conditions; losers peacefully accept the outcome of the election? One can argue that it is due to the fact that democracy is centered on the rule of the law as opposed to the rule of man. Democratic forms of government and political systems are structured by institutions and these institutions direct how political parties function.In example, they determine how legislation passes through parliament or when a citizen is eligible to vote. Therefore, what makes democracy unpredictable in terms of outcome is the perception that each vote counts the same since laws are submitted to all citizens a nd are protected by the constitution. But in the case of China’s authoritarian regime, as premier Li Peng put it, â€Å"to allow the demonstrating students to negotiate with party and government as equal would be to negate the leadership of the CCP and negate the entire socialist party† (Andrew Nathan 39).This makes it more likely the alteration of power in China, should it come, will occur through a rupture, since an authoritarian â€Å"regime is unwilling to relax the ban on autonomous political forces† (Nathan 39). We live in a diverse world and globalization has only made diversity within nations and states more prominent. Democracies and democratic forms of government perform a better job of administrating and managing diversity. This is best exemplify when Nathan Glazer, in the article Democracy and Deep Divides, states, â€Å"Not every democracy will succeed in dealing with its deep divides.But democracy has institutional features which offer the hope th at every part of the population will feel part of the whole† (Glazer 19). What differentiates democracy from Hitler’s anti-Semitic regime or China’s repressive government is how it deals with managing diversity. Democratic forms of government â€Å"promise to address deep divisions more successfully than any alternative†(Glazer) because there are often times characterized by their moderating power.Democracies function to maintain moderate accesses and radicalism, by adhering to norms of inclusion; this ensures citizens are included in a political process whether in terms of voting, engaging in a civil society movement , or having the rights to express ideas in terms of freedom of press and assembly. However, in a non-democratic government like China’s authoritarian regime â€Å"civil society organization and religious groups have to keep a low profile in order to avoid repression† (Nathan 38).According to Nathan’s Authoritarian Imperma nence, this is because â€Å"the regime has not become enmeshed in the logic of institutions created as safety valves to preserve its rule† (Nathan). As Andrew Nathan once remarked, â€Å"Democratic regimes, by contrast, often elicit disappointment and frustration, but they confront no rival from that outshines them in prestige. Authoritarian regimes in this sense are not forever. They live under the shadow of the future, vulnerable to existential challenges that mature democratic systems do not face† (Nathan 38).Democracy and democratic forms of government and political system have been subject to challenges of tyranny of minority, and collection. Despite the democratic weaknesses of this form of government, democracy is still highly consistent in terms of unpredictable outcomes, and managing diversity. Similar problems can be found in other regime types like China’s authoritarian regime, Hitler’s Fascist Germany, and Stalin’s totalitarian communi st regime. What differenciates democracy from other forms of government is how it deals with those problems by the help of free political parties, contested elections, and court.

Motivating Employees in Fast Food Industry Dissertation

Motivating Employees in Fast Food Industry - Dissertation Example This essay discusses that like all the business entities, managing and motivating employees in a fast food business or organization is of high importance. Those fast food organizations, which are properly managed are normally expected to take into consideration the human resource capital first rather than concentrating on the financial aspects of the business. In accordance with these views, it is required from the fast food organizations to help maintain an ambience at the workplace which not only results in an improved cooperation and commitment among the employees aimed at achieving the organizational goals and objectives but also helps in improving their motivation level. The fact that motivated employees are better performers is a widely recognized belief and this is often associated with higher levels of production and retention in relation to employees working in an organization. In addition to this, employees with high levels of motivation in an organizational frame of refere nce are more inclined towards improving and increasing the productivity levels together with the efficiency, as compared to those who are either not motivated to do so or less motivated than the former. The research problem is important since there is a lack of research work carried out in the context of exploring motivation among employees working in fast food industry in the UK and also the research problem undertakes the issue of identifying strategies which may prove helpful in improving the existing level of motivation among employees and result in a better overall organizational performance. Since there are a large number of restaurants serving fast food in the UK, the addressing of this research problem is therefore considered relevant and pertinent as it will focus on the issues related to an industry which forms a formidable part in the consumer market in the UK. Research Aim As per the problem statement, the proposed aim for the study is the identification of factors, whic h hamper motivation among employees and those factors, which are regarded by them as motivating factors. In addition to this, the researcher aims at identifying specific strategies on the basis of findings related to above-mentioned areas. Research Questions On the basis of the research objectives identified above, the proposed research work will answer the following research questions: 1. What are the factors perceived by employees in fast food industry, which are considered as barriers in improving their motivation? 2. Are the employees motivated by improvement in workplace environment? 3. Are there any other factors which employees regard as helpful in motivating them? 4. What are the strategies for motivating employees working in fast food industry in the UK? Research Ethics In order to carry out the proposed research work, the researcher intends to fully adhere to the ethical considerations considered necessary for the conduct of a study involving usage of information or data, which may be regarded as private, confidential or involving rights of third parties. For this reason, the researcher will consider obtaining written consent from the organisations, which will be selected to be studied. As per the aim of the proposed study and the methodology adopted, which is discussed in the later parts of this proposal, the researcher will approach the employees of the selected organisations and obtain their views about the level of motivation with which they are working in their respective organisations. To this effect, it is ethically required that the researcher obtains consent from the concerned individuals in the organisations selected

The Impact Of Technology On Financial Accounting Research Paper

The Impact Of Technology On Financial Accounting - Research Paper Example It has been observed that, while, on one hand, technology proves to be an asset for a business organization, it leads to the increase in liability for the accountants. Some of the technological tools like manufacturing of products through computer integrated systems, internet, expert systems, image processing etc. have a positive impact on accounting by facilitating collection, recording, and communication of accurate information about the various business transactions in a timely manner. However, technology has a negative impact on accounting, too. With technological advancements, the risk of losing confidentiality and accountability of the financial accountants has increased. Technology has paved the way towards creating more opportunities for different fraudulent activities in financial and management accounting. Furthermore, there are some impacts of technology on accounting, which cannot be termed either as positive or as negative ones. The pattern of hiring in different organiz ations has changed considerably, and the training and educational pattern of accountants have also changed because of the technological impact on this sphere. ... often we find that technological advancement has proved to be an asset for a business concern, but at the same time it has added to the liability of the accountants of the organization. As an instance, correct information is provided on a timely basis, but only at the cost of confidentiality. A few of the technological impacts on accounting are only changes in simple terms and can be termed neither as positive nor as negative. Hence, in a nutshell, technological advancements have neutral, positive, and negative impacts on accounting, but each of these impacts calls for the accounting profession to be in conformity with the changes. Positive Impacts of Technology The advent of various types of tools because of the technological advancement is quite obvious. It is one of the positive impacts of technology on accounting. Some of these tools are manufacturing process using computer-integrated system, the internet, communications technology, image processing, and the experts systems. All these are examples of few tools out of many, which have been designed to facilitate presentation of accurate information in a timely and detailed manner. Manufacturing processes in organizations using computer integrated system had an impounding effect on the cost accountants in the financial world. With the manufacturing process being automated, information is collected by the computers and reported instantaneously. This gives rise to a system of operational information which is characterized by the integration between manufacturing and other organizational processes like accounting and marketing. Activity-based costing systems are the results of this type of integration, which has a significant impact on cost accounting. Overheads are efficiently allocated by the accountants using this

Part of PR plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Part of PR plan - Assignment Example The organization is partially funded by the county’s department of health and human services, the administrative office of the courts and the governor’s office of the crime control and prevention. Approximately half of the operating budget is acquired through raising money from foundations, community organizations and corporate and individual contributions. The money however may not be sufficient as records show that approximately 570,000 children are removed from their homes each year and placed under foster care (Melanie, 2006). The organization should source funds from other organizations so as to be able to operate within their budget. They can get funds from organizations such as Chipotle to acquire charitable funds. This organization supports nonprofit organizations through a number of ways such as in restaurant fundraisers, donations in kind and through their scrip program (Moi, 2006). In restaurant fundraisers has been applied in schools. For instance there is a school that distributes students with a piece of paper that has an advert of a restaurant whereby parents are required to go and eat at least once after which they show the paper to the cashier who then channels the money to the school as donation (Gordon Averill, 2011). The organization can apply this strategy in its operation so as to raise funds to be able to sustain the operations. The organization can also purchase gift cards on discount from Chipotle and resale them to customers after which the difference can be used as donation to this organization (Melanie, 2006). Casa of Montgomery is eligible to apply for this programmes at Chipotle as their operations meet the requirements

Rich & Whillock v. Ashton Development Case Study

Rich & Whillock v. Ashton Development - Case Study Example In a meeting, persons at the helm of affairs of Rich & Whillock, Inc Bob Britton Inc, and the Ashton Development, Inc unanimously decided to blast the rock discovered. Clearly, the contract price of $112,990 did not include blasting costs. However the contract stated â€Å"[a]ny rock encountered will be considered an extra at current rental rates† (Rich & Whillock, Inc Vs. Ashton Development, Inc). Rich and Whillock estimated that an additional $60,000 was required to remove the rock, increasing the total contract price approximately to $172,000. Rich and Whillock informed Britton that the actual cost might be higher than the estimated cost due to the unpredictable nature of the rock. Britton agreed Rich and Whillock to pay the extra costs arising out of the rock work and directed them to go on the with the work. Rich and Whillock proceeded with the rock work and submitted invoices, and received payments at the end of every week. They prepared separate invoices for the regular contract work, and the extra rock work supported by employee time sheets. Although Whillock asked Britton if he needed any clarification regarding any of the billings by the end of April, Britton had no doubts and directed Whillock to continue with the rock work. As described by Gibbs and Hunt (2010), after receiving a total payment of $190,363.50 by 17th June, Rich & Whillock Inc submitted the final invoice amounting an additional $72,286.45. After consulting with Ashton officials, Britton refused to pay the money stating that Ashton Development, Inc was short on funds and had little money left to pay that amount (p.738). Britton had no objections about the work done until he received that final invoice. In addition, Britton had not asked for accounting of charges prior to the receipt of the final invoice. Whillock told Britton that his company would end up in closure unless that final invoice was paid, because Rich & Whillock Inc was a new company. As the project was a huge

Transsexualism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Transsexualism - Research Paper Example Transsexualism has stigmatized many people across the world; notably, it effects have been enormously experienced in the western culture especially towards mid to late twentieth century. Nonetheless, the current advancement in technology especially in health care provision aims at enhancing sexual revolution in persons with sexuality problems. Sexuality change is often reverted through sex reassignment surgery (Chiland and Alcorn 24). Notably, Victims of transsexualism are often discriminated upon the society usually subjects them to numerous negative attitudes that undermine them from various quarters including cultural values, and religious believes. In fact, some cultures find it difficult to comprehend and integrate transsexualism conditions. The case is often worse if it involves change gender roles. Some cultures hold transsexualism with high regards and sometimes regarded to be holding two spiritual roles. This traditional believe, is often rampant among some Native American t ribes (Chiland 37). Gender is often a linguistic term used across many languages to refer to masculine, natural, or feminine and a fully independent attributes to the words that applied therein. Different cultural groupings have different manifestation of gender or sexuality. Most cultural believes often recognizes only two genders that are female and male. Other cultures recognize the third gender called neuter. However, some cultures recognize none of these genders. Adapting to gender changes often take different dimension and tasks to fulfill (Chiland and Alcorn 70). In some societal settings, gender variation is only indicated by the variation in adjective or noun while other societies require a complex grammar changes. For instance, in English, gender transition often involves the change in the transsexual’s first name that is from either changes he/him to she/her or vice versa. However, in some cases where a person never wants to be referred to either sexes or gender us ually uses â€Å"them† or â€Å"ze† and â€Å"hir† as gender natural pronouns or neutral pronouns (Chiland 52). Different societies treat transsexualism differently; thus, most persons never intend to reveal their sexuality especially concerning the gender complication since they fear the reception that the society may offer towards their complicated sexuality. The term transsexualism falls under the broader category of transgenderism that refers to people who are not often comfortable with the gender roles assigned to them. Most groups that fall under this category include transvestites, cross dressers, and genderqueer persons (Chiland and Alcorn 44). Nonetheless, transsexualism is a specific condition under transgender realm; however, it radically differs with both transsexual and crossdresser. Some people often use transsexualism and transgenderism interchangeably, but these terms are never synonymous (Chiland 84). There are many causes of transsexualism; how ever, many intersex data have revealed that genes never cause this gender variation since genes do not define nor determine gender identity. Additionally, the recent intersex infant surgeries have suggested that the same gender problem is never associated with gender identity since there is an enormous consistency between the genitals and upbringing. However, numerous scientific studies are currently suggesting

Netscape IPO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Netscape IPO - Essay Example That Netscape would now be in the dustbin of history, having been demolished by Microsoft during the browser war when it buckled under the killer strategy of Bill Gates’ bundled Windows operating system with the its browser, Internet Explorer and having bought by AOL in March 1999 – many questions still abound on what went wrong, and what could have been avoided. The company was led by both the talented (Marc Andreessen and the experienced manager (Jim Clark) and had the backing of the well-known venture capitalists in Silicon Valley. No less than Morgan Stanley would be the lead underwriters for its IPO. In the end, the dilemma faced by the board of directors of whether to give in its Wall Street underwriters’ proposal of raising the initial stock price form $14 to $28 and increasing the number of shares to 5 million due to favorable response to the investment roadshow or risk a public verdict of opportunism for doing so (Backstrand 7)– was rendered moot and academic. Netscape opened to an overwhelming response from investors who took the stock price to as much as $75 after a delayed opening of $71 per share. On the other hand, the question of whether the investors made a good decision in paying so much for the stock an untested company had to place it in the context of the condition of the industry, Netscape’s company strategy and how IPOs in general fare as investments. ... Condition of the industry: In the mid-nineties, the Internet industry was at the start of its boom period. There were no clear indicators where it would be headed - a condition that had been comparably described when the PC was thought of in the early 1980s when the IPO of Apple Computers mirrored the wildly exuberant public reception of Netscape's IPO (Blodget n.p.). There were various theories of what the Internet would be - some thought that it would be like glamorized surfing of TV shows and those who would be winners in the era would those sites that would offer great design and content (Blodget n.p.). Fast forward to a decade later - the winners would be a search engine called Google, a book seller now an around retailer, Amazon.com and an on-line community of buyers and sellers called ebay.com. Netscape was proclaimed a winner too soon in the game, like Apple was. Though Apple Computers remains as a company today, the big winners of the IPO era of the PC industry were those who entered it later in the phase - as could be seen in Microsoft IPO in 1986 and Dell in 1988 (Blodget n.p.). The Internet community more than ten years ago was miniscule (57 million users according to the International Data Corporation) compared to what it is today, but even by then, it was growing by leaps and bounds. The web browser market in 1994 was dominated by the Mosaic web browser program that was created by Netscape co-founder, the 23-year old Marc Andreessen (Backstrand 3). When Andreesen teamed up with middle-aged Jim Clark, the founder of Silicon Graphics, Netscape successfully set a new industry standard through its Netscape Navigator program and wrestled market leadership from Mosaic. Netscape's share of the market by 2005 was at 75% while Mosaic,

Pritchett, Lant (2006) Center For Global Development Essay Example for Free

Pritchett, Lant (2006) Center For Global Development Essay Introduction: When the wings are strong, even the birds fly! Birds also, as a rule migrate, flying thousands of miles to the area and the climate of their choice every year. Even before the Christian era, adventurous traders and devoted missionaries have been moving from one country to another for their purposes in view. Migration is an age-old happening. The industrial and internet revolutions, the modern materialistic civilization have commercially shrunk the world. ‘Atlas has shrugged!’ When basic conditions are created for the people to move from one country to another, irresistible demographic forces are bound to exert their pressure. To check these forces through anti-immigration ideas is like blocking the furiously advancing avalanche with the fence of straw. Or trying to touch the moon by kite-flying! Or controlling the rising flood waters by filling pitchers! Statistical studies are no doubt needed, but it is no use digging the well when the house is on fire. In times of war, your goal should be to win the war, no matter how you win. I mean to say, all the relative efforts should be to tackle the root cause of the problem. It is no ordinary chat on the subject of migration by Pritchett†¦. Pritchett’s ideas are far-sighted. The world leaders talk about globalization and â€Å"the world is one family† concept, but the so-called national interests are entrenched too strongly in them. They wish to remain dry under water. Efforts are constantly on the anvil to check labor mobility.   Political interests are the main consideration; welfare of the common man is nicely swept under the carpet, by arguments and counterarguments. The governments are resisting the liberal ideas, because the rich people of the country protest against creating favorable conditions for the labor to immigrate! Some forward thinking statesmen/ politicians have to take initiative to break he deadlock if they really wish to do something tangible for the welfare of the people to whom employment means their livelihood. Temporary work-permits and protection of migrants’ fundamental human rights are the important issues. Lant Pritchett is touching the live wire! Your book will be controversial, Mr. Pritchett, but do not bother. All great ideas have been controversial. Some centuries ago, people and intellectuals did believe that the Earth is flat and the sun does the rotations! The book is not a voluminous work by page-count, just 151 pages, but they are sufficient to stir the thinking process of the individuals concerned, the politicians and the policy-makers. He tenders provocative ideas, on the issues where provocation is required.   The book has 5 chapters, i) Four Irresistible Forces for Increased Labor Mobility, ii) The Fifth Irresistible Force: Ghosts Zombies, iii) Immovable Ideas: Myths and Truths, iv) Accommodating Forces and Ideas to achieve development—Friendly Labor Mobility v) Conclusion: Let their People Come. To the fundamental question in Economics, what are the factors of production, the answer is, land, labor, capital and organization. Labor is the most important of them for capital without labor is dead! It is not that Lant is unaware of the political consequences of labor immigration. But he is an economist. He has soft-corner for the labor and it is not mere wishful thinking. He gives his favorable disposition towards the labor force and makes out a brilliant case for expanded immigration in rich countries. If you are thinking in terms of globalizing everything, why not labor, is the question posed by Lant. He has his own style of working on his projects. He is not concerned about the ideologies and methodologies. He will not stick to any special type of â€Å"ism†. He is a man without a label or a tag. He works with a pure heart and for the cause which he considers and concludes to be right. He is truly a global person with the global approach to his thinking. He doesn’t believe in half- hearted measures. He is the proverbial individual who believes—do not strike; if you strike, strike so hard that there is no need to strike again! He gives unassailable ideas and reasons in the very first chapter of the book: He says, â€Å"Four irresistible forces today cause observed increases in labor mobility—and each promises to become even more powerful in future. Those forces are wage gaps, demographics, â€Å"everything but labor† globalization, and the services future of labor demand in industrial countries. A fifth force—rapid and massive shifts in the desired populations of various countries†¦. Four preliminary observations are useful.†(Pritchett, 2006, p.13) Pritchett is on war with both left and right—and therefore, he invites controversy. His question to world leaders is why you stop at standard solutions, trade and aid. He stands solidly behind the guest-worker program. Why shouldn’t millions of the poorest of the world choose to work in richest economies? He is worried why people are so insensitive about this issue. He is willing to beat the national borders on this issue and paints the grim picture emerging on the curtain of the mind of an ordinary worker. â€Å"Gaps in per capita across countries are only suggestive of migration pressures, because the relevant question for a worker is the difference in wages that he or she would earn in two countries.† Pritchett, 2006, p.18) Pritchett’s critics say he thinks much ahead of his time; all great thinkers do think so! He is opposed for, Western countries do not wish to jeopardize their sovereignty, cause tremors in   the levels of domestic wages, terrorism is such a big question that involves national security, the developing countries would not like to drain their own talent on a large scale, with children migrating on such a large scale, what about the poor parents?—it is going to be such a big sociological problem, the cultural cohesion of all the affected countries will be disturbed beyond   repair, the churning process will be damaging—Pritchett has some soft   answers for many such important issues, but   his hard critics are not willing to listen. Pritchett says that the migrants are temporary workers; they are coming to return to their home country. They will stay 3 to 5 years, with no scope for regular citizenship, and they are coming as stop-gap arrangements to work in areas with certified labor shortages. They will not bring the families. So, the taxpayers of the host country need not take up the responsibility of educating the migrants’ children. A revolving labor pool will be created. Lant Pritchett is no ordinary think-tank and he is always battle ready to talk and write on global issues. He is a non-resident fellow at the Centre for Global Development and is a lead socio-economist with the World Bank, based in New Delhi, India. He is to take up the assignment of Professor of the Practice of Economic Development at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, shortly. (I think he has since taken up his assignment.) Conclusion: Labor unrest has been the cause of many devastating revolutions. Then pages of labor movements all over the world, daubed in bloodshed, ask a crying question. How to make this Planet Earth peaceful with plenty and prosperity? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, heart full of love, life that effuses conflicts, and employment opportunities and freedom of movement for one and all—these alone are enough!

Formulate And Conduct Monetary Policy In Malaysia Information Technology Essay

Formulate And Conduct Monetary Policy In Malaysia Information Technology Essay The selected company for this paper is the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. The organization is popularly known by its widely accepted acronym HSBC. To-date, this multi-national company is a giant financial conglomerate that operates from more than 7,500 offices spread across 87 countries world-wide with more than 330,000 employees (www.hsbc.com). Briefly, the historical background of Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) was that it was founded in 1865. Its formation was to cater to primarily for the China trade. In 1876, it opened its Singapore branch followed by the Penang branch in 1884. The main banking activities then during the turn of the century in the Straits Settlements were to cater for trading activities in China. As the British presence in the Malay states in the Malay Peninsular grew through tin mining and during the later stages through rubber cultivation as well as other commodity plantations such as cocoa, tobacco and spices, Hongkong bank grew larger as demand for banking support to the business communities grew (HSBC. Its Malaysian Story, text by Douglas Wong, Editions Didier Millet, 2003). The financial industry in Malaysia has demonstrated a vibrant development since its announcement to open up the industry for foreign participation via increased equity and to hold a major stake in insurance companies, investment banks and commercial banks. Amongst the foreign players that has made a big inroad into the financial industry of Malaysia is HSBC, Standard Chartered and Citibank. (www.chinapost.com). The industry is controlled by the central bank of Malaysia known as Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM). BNM formulates policies, sets out controls for the banking lending activities in the country and implements the Banking Financial Institutions Act 1989. Its main primary functions are:- Formulate and conduct monetary policy in Malaysia; Issue currency in Malaysia; Regulate and supervise financial institutions which are subject to the laws enforced by the Bank; Provide oversight over money and foreign exchange markets; Exercise oversight over payment systems; Promote a sound, progressive and inclusive financial system; Hold and manage the foreign reserves of Malaysia; Promote an exchange rate regime consistent with the fundamentals of the economy; and Act as financial adviser, banker and financial agent of the Government. (www.mida.gov.my) The major competitors to HSBC in Malaysia comprises of the foreign banks in Malaysia such as Standard Chartered Bank, Citibank, OCBC Bank and UOB Bank. The local banks that competes with HSBC are larger in terms of branch network, customer accessibility, capitalization, systems, loan spread as well as human capital. Part 2 The early era of modernization in the bank is through implementation of accounting machines in 1959 with the use of National Cash Register Corporation (NCR) Machine called NCR Class 32s for the general ledger and current accounts in Hongkong banks branches. The savings accounts were done using the NCR 42. The NCR 32 were later replaced by NCR Postronic machines in the larger branches in Malaya. The second phase of mechanization or early computerization in Hongkong bank started in 1976 through out to 1980. This phase involved the use of IBM mainframe such as IBM 360 which cost USD450,000 in 1977, Philips terminals, Racal modems and telecommunication provide by Telekon Malaysia. By 1988-89, the Philips banking terminal has been replaced by a Unisys system used by the HSBC group worldwide (HSBC. Its Malaysian Story, text by Douglas Wong, Editions Didier Millet, 2003). The Data Management and Storage system of HSBC are based mainly on its mainframe system that has been retained largely from its era of computerization in the 1976 era up until mid 1984/5. The mainframes are its key machines in storage of data and information which comprises of customer information, loan advances, staff information including its compensation payroll data. The Windows NT server is one HSBCs key data management and storage system. Another system in HSBCs data management and storage is its Windows 2000 SP4 server and Windows 2003 SP1 server. These three systems forms the core data management and storage for HSBC. The advantages of these systems are their storage capacity that is large enough for HSBCs customer information. The dependability of these systems has proven stable and dependable against unnecessary data losses. The IT Support teams constantly provide cumulative security update such as its Outlook Express. The flexibility of these three systems can be demonstrated in the series of pack and patches that was downloaded for the Windows 2000 SP4. Among those patches to address the system are:- Vulnerability in the Web View to allow Remote Code Execution. Vulnerability in HTML Help to allow Remote Code Execution. Vulnerability in Remote Desktop Protocol could allow denial of service. Vulnerability in the Microsift Data Access Components (MDAC) Function Could Allow Code Execution. (HSBC Intranet) The ability of the server to accommodate the above patched identified from the list of Microsoft Service Pack and Patches for Windows 2000 SP4 demonstrated the flexibility of the server to take patches in the system. These are aimed to ensure the server remains stable to support the banks requirement in data management and storage. In addition to the data management, the operating systems platforms are based mainly on Microsoft Windows. (www.hsbc.com.my) The bank placed high importance to ensure its operating systems are sound, dependable to its business needs, safeguard customer information, enables continuous product enhancement as well as maintaining employees information which are considered sensitive and crucial. Policies on internet usage for HSBC are highly regulated. The banks policy on the usage of email and internet is regulated and the policies can be found in the banks intranet accessible by all staff. The usage of email and internet is based on conditions laid down in the banks group policies. Its usage is for business correspondences and is to be conducted in a business-like and professional manner. The use of email and use of external computer access over the internet is subject to the banks policies and Code of Conduct. (HSBC Intranet). The networking and telecommunications aspect of HSBC is controlled and careful attention is given to the access to internal software and hardware of the organization. This manner of control is reflected in the organizations LAN security where all software installation is authorized through formal procedures. This would include LAN administrator guide strictly enforced, service patches on latest Microsoft updates are monitored and using approved anti-virus software (inclusive of updates). In terms of controlling the organizations network, strict password usage and control is enforced. This is evident in the organizations policy on placing ownership and accountability on individual user of their password. This includes frequent changing of password every 60 days (HSBC Intranet). In broad terms regarding consultants, system integrator and vendors, HSBC maintains strict regulations on outside equipment by consultants and vendors. In addition, the bank enforces strict controls on third party data transfer, maintenance of customer and staff personal data within the mainframe system and serves are not accessed by third parties such as external consultants and contract employees without proper clearance (HSBC Intranet/PC Security Guidelines). These strict controls are put in place to protect customer and staff data privacy as well as data security from being compromised by external or third parties that comes in contact with the banks systems or servers. In terms of the banks computer hardware platforms, these equipments are maintained through tight policy and guidelines that governs administration of the banks IBM servers, the computer hardware especially PCs and laptops used by the staff, comprising mainly of IBM machines (HSBC Intranet). Part 3 This report will proceed to present the concept on cloud computing, outlining its key features, current trends, future developments and consider its benefits to business (making direct reference to banking) and the cost of cloud computing to HSBC. Cloud computing comes into focus only when companies think about the IT needs/requirements. Companies started to explore ways to increase capacity or add capabilities on the go with business-as-usual operations without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends ITs existing capabilities (www.infoworld.com) (Based on an article by Eric Knorr Galen Gruman adapted from Infoworld). Prior to the availability of cloud computing, the traditional business applications have been complicated and expensive. The amount and variety of hardware and software required to run these applications and systems are daunting. The organization requires a whole team of experts to install, configure, test, run, secure, and update them. When the organization begins to multiply this effort across dozens or hundreds of applications, it is easy to observe the reason why the biggest companies with the best IT departments are not getting the applications they require. Given this reality, the small and mid-sized businesses will obviously face even bigger challenges (www.salesforce.com). While the concept of cloud computing was recognized to be spearheaded by Salesforce.com, there has been other companies that have dived into the business of providing CRM solutions in the form of software-as-a-service. A Google search produced several key service providers in cloud computing such as Gogrid, ORACLE, IBM, SAP cloud computing.com, vads.com and rimuhosting.com. The published benefits of cloud computing are the ability of the concept to leverage on cost while providing customized options to the subscribers. The list of benefits provided by cloud computing given the fundamental infra structure of cloud computing is as follows:- The level of Web-services integration has been proven. Cloud computing technology has demonstrated itself to be much easier and faster to integrate with the organizations existing enterprise applications (both traditional software and cloud computing infrastructure-based), whether third-party or applications that has been developed internally by the organization. Advanced service delivery. Cloud computing infrastructures offer greater scalability, complete disaster recovery, and demonstrated an impressive uptime figures. Lack of requirement to install additional hardware or software: There is no requirement for additional hardware or software in a fully cloud computing infrastructure. The positive features of cloud computing technology is in its overall simplicity and it requires significantly fewer capital expenditure to set up and get the whole system running. Faster and lower-risk deployment. The organization can set up and run the whole system much faster with a cloud computing infrastructure. It also saves the organization substantial expenses and allows employees/users to log into the new solution quickly. The cloud computing technology applications are live in a matter of weeks or months, even with extensive customization or integration included. Support for deep customizations. Cloud computing infrastructure allows deep customization and application configuration and it also preserves all those customizations even during upgrades. In addition, cloud computing technology is ideal for application development to support the organizations evolving needs. Empowered business users. Cloud computing technology allows on-the-fly, point-and-click customization and report generation for business users. As a result, IT is not required to spend a large amount of time and resource making minor changes and running reports. Automatic upgrades that dont impact IT resources. Cloud computing infrastructures put an end to a huge IT dilemma: If the organization upgrades to the latest version of the application, the organization is required to spend time and resources to rebuild their customizations and integrations. Cloud computing technology doesnt force an organization to decide between upgrading and preserving all its applications, because those customizations and integrations are automatically preserved during an upgrade. Pre-built, pre-integrated apps for cloud computing technology. The involvement of more companies in providing cloud computing infrastructure and applications will be able to multiply and provide more applications in either pre-built or post-built requirement to suit clients requirement. (www.salesforce.com). Malaysias IT infrastructure. The availability of better infrastructure compared to other countries in the region such as the availability of broadband indicates that the country is a suitable platform to embrace cloud computing with the assurance and support from the government. An example of this support is the entrance of Microsofts full range of cloud computing capabilities in Malaysia as well as other established parts in this region. (www.nst.com.my). While the concept and published reports and opinions have advocated various benefits from cloud computing, there are obvious down side to the concept compared to the more established traditional business applications that are more supported by the applications provider. One of the major online company that adopted cloud computing is Amazon.com. Recently, there have been technical problems and interruptions by the company starting on 21 April 2011. This has prompted industry analysts and observers to ask organizations to seriously reconsider relying on remote computers that are beyond their control. Matthew Eastwood, an analyst for the research firm IDC has called this incident involving Amazon.com as a wake-up call for cloud computing. The incident has started discussion on the concerns for cloud computing as such:- The amount organizations are required to pay for backup and recovery services. This concern also covers other areas, including paying extra for data centers in different locations. That is because the companies that were apparently hit hardest by the Amazon interruption were start-ups that, analysts said, are focused on moving fast in pursuit of growth, and less apt to pay for extensive backup and recovery services. (www.nytimes.com). The actual flexibility of cloud computing. While cloud computing has demonstrated its flexibility in terms of adaptability to organizations requirement and cost, there is a real concern amongst industry analysts on the claim of actual infinite elasticity of cloud computing. Arising from the recent Amazon.com interruption, there are serious concern on the ability of cloud computing to provide stability beyond the security from the traditional business applications provider that has seen proven reliability. This will be severe for what the analysts are concern for larger industry such as the entertainment industry (http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com). Taking this argument a step further, this report also raises the concern arising from the Amazon.com incident to the banking industry. Would HSBC depart from the major players in banking to embrace cloud computing given this latest discussion in the IT industry. Part 4 In my analysis of the present structure of HSBC, the idea of adopting cloud computing needs to be pursued with a certain degree of caution and optimism. I am recommending the following options for your consideration in adopting cloud computing into the applications support, maintenance and storage for HSBC:- Limited participation in the Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) by putting in the new applications via cloud computing whilst keeping the existing applications to be enhanced, supported and stored by the existing system. The bank will continue to work our vendors and system support providers to maintain the existing applications. This dual approach is aimed to venture quickly into cloud computing and at the same time in assuring senior management, Asia Pacific Group IT as well as the Global team on our prudence to continue maintain the existing system for our current applications. This recommendation is to maintain status quo in our level of customer service with any unexpected disruption to our clients arising from technical problems. In addition, the VPC is relatively simple to implement and the cost of the subscription to SKALI Cloud Servers a minimal fee while having pre-build features which HSBC can use immediately. (www.skalicloud.com). This approach also eases up our GTLM (subsidiary providing IT support to HSBC) who is having attrition of IT personnel and simultaneously struggling to backfill the vacancies. In considering the IT infrastructure of our competitors, our proposed investment into cloud computing would be timely to ease off more capital investment into applications management and storage. The savings can be channeled to other IT requirement such as upgrade of our servers and other interface channel to the front end to give better support to our users. This will enable faster turnaround time and increase productivity of backroom / support staff and also better customer service for our sales service staff to our clients. Our overall business strategy under the Medium Term Outlook (MTO) three year plan from 2010 to 2012 emphasize the importance of improving productivity and cost savings to complement the bigger business revenue aim for the bank. Under this plan, the proposed adoption of cloud computing is to enable HSBC to have a quick support for its application support, minimize over dependence on staff, service providers and vendors. Many banks have spent time and money building an internal infrastructure. Such large infrastructure investment makes it difficult to cost justify moving for such infrastructure to be moved to an outside provider. There may be long-term savings but in the short-term, the difficulty is justifying the large investment into a cloud computing arrangement. In addition, moving the whole application systems from internal to eternal source via a cloud-based platform has a certain cost in itself which makes it even less attractive and even more difficult to justify. (http://thefinanser.co.uk) Issues with regulators. A recent report appearing in the UK Financier highlighted that Microsoft is often asked about Security by share holders as well as regulators. Companies would naturally due to their interest in protecting data privacy, will be determined to know how organizations protect their data. Among the questions posed to the organizations is the location of the cloud, the standards used by the organization in selecting the cloud that is located remotely away from the host country. In this respect, Microsoft is heavily geared towards security and is one of the largest firms in the development space in this area. Some issues do arise however with regulators in key markets, particularly in finance. For example, in Turkey, they regulate that data must be held on bank premises. Thats hard to overcome but is a key reason Microsoft continues to provide on premise solutions banks can implement while regulations catch up. (http://thefinanser.co.uk) Security of the information maintained within the cloud that is located away from the bank. In view that the cloud is not part of the banks organization or a subsidiary where the bank has partial or majority ownership, there remain questions on the control the bank has over the information, data or applications stored in the cloud (Interview with Mr Peter Ng, Manager IT Development/Support Office Automation on 12 April 2011). In addition, there is a provision within the Banking And Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA) that prohibits any director, employee or agent appointed by the bank who has access to the banks information made available such information to any other person or parties (S.97 of the Banking And Financial Institutions Act 1989). The concern raised by Mr Peter Ng is amplified by the fact that banks information, data or applications stored in the cloud outside the management purview of the bank. In view that the facility and commercial ownership of the cloud does not come under the definition of an agent appointed by the bank, there is no locus standi on the part of the cloud being accountable for any legal action that can be taken in the event there is a breach of S.97 of BAFIA. Section 97 of BAFIA states as follows:- 97.  Ã‚   (1)  Ã‚   No director or officer of any licensed institution or of any external bureau established, or any agent appointed, by the licensed institution to undertake any part of its business, whether during his tenure of office, or during his employment, or thereafter, and no person who for any reason, has by any means access to any record, book, register, correspondence, or other document whatsoever, or material, relating to the affairs or, in particular, the account, of any particular customer of the institution, shall give, produce, divulge, reveal, publish or otherwise disclose, to any person, or make a record for any person, of any information or document whatsoever relating to the affairs or account of such customer. (Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989). Part 5 In summary, HSBC has a complex IT system that has been build over the years of our existence in Malaysia since the computerization of our banking system. The availability of cloud computing as an alternative in our on-going challenges in application management should be carefully considered in terms of expanding our IT capabilities to move into bigger areas of banking. This will provide HSBC with the opportunity to have better flexibility in managing our overall applications system to be able to provide better support to our users. This will in turn, enable our staff to provide better customer service and engagement. The adoption of cloud computing by the bank can be implemented with the following strategies:- Adopting a hybrid cloud where major vendors such as IBM, ORACLE and Hewlett Packard offers hybrid delivery with their existing technology to manage complexity of HSBCs diverse application systems that caters to different business groups where different applications for business segments such as Personal Financial Services, Commercial Banking, Treasury and Global Banking are different. The dedicated servers and applications can be better managed through public cloud (for lower cost applications storage with medium or low risks) and managed dedicated servers (for higher risks applications and data) that can be managed in partnership with the major vendor. This combined approach mitigates risks portfolio for the bank in terms of spreading evenly its storage in cloud computing where external parties and vendors cannot be fully controlled compared to internally managed servers and storage facilities (Interview with Mr Lim Wei Hup, Senior Manager IT Operations/Support conducted on 14 April 2011). Co-venturing into cloud computing by adopting a strategic partner to mitigate risks as well as leverage on common areas and different technical expertise to harness effective teamwork for selecting external applications from various clouds. An example of a recent tie-up and cooperation in the financial industry is the venture of Polaris Software Lab, one of the leading global financial technology companies announced a strategic investment in IdenTrust, a global financial institution. IdenTrust is one of the premier service providers of digital identity authentication services to several key banks such as Citibank, Bank of America, Deutsche, HSBC and even Barclays Bank. (www.siliconindia.com). The concern of being the first bank in Malaysia to embrace cloud computing need not arise as the government has provided ample support, key service provider such as Telekom Malaysia has been upgrading its broadband services and the availability of fiber optic infrastructure will ensure adequate bandwidth and speed. HSBC has always been a pioneer in various aspect in banking be it technology, products and services and even bringing environmental issues into part of its global commitments. With our rich history and forward optimism, venturing into cloud computing is an option management seriously need to consider in view our future growth strategy.

Industry Production :: Industrial Production Manufacturing Essays

Industry Production The structure of industrial production and the service industries is characterized by the prevalence of smarkforce, 30% beingll and medium-sized companies (94% and 5.6% according to 100 workers) thoug981 data), employing, however, only 70% of the workforce, 30% being monopolized by large c ompanies (more than 100 workers) though these comprise only 0.4% of the total. This means that companies are widely dispersed over the whole country, obviously with significant location and concentration of industry, and more than half the industrial comp anies operate at little more than workshop level, as is seen by the small workforce in each production unit. On the other hand, the small number of large companies is explained by increased concentration, at that level also indicated by the high number of employees. There is only a limited number of cooperative companies (food sector and the transformation of agricultural products), while large companies tend to become multinational. The presence of companies with foreign capital monopolizing specific commodity secto rs (pharmaceuticals, photographic materials, electronics, cosmetics etc.) is far from rare. One particular kind of development regards medium-sized companies, frequently derivations of small family-run businesses with a specialized production, which as a result of management flexibility have succeeded in reconverting production and using technol ogical innovations which, with increased competitivity, enable them to penetrate international markets, in this way contributing to the consolidation of the Italian image and presence throughout the world. The Industrial Sectors The steel and metalworking industries The country's economic revival in the immediate postwar period was essentially sustained by development and expansion of the basic industries, particularly the steel industry, itself conditioned by the importation of raw materials such as ores, scrap iron and coal. Membership of ECSC enabled the Italian steel industry, which had installed the integral processing cycle, to attain extremely high levels of production thus satisfying increasingly greater domestic demand, such as that of the engineering industry, as well as the export market. Following plant reconversion steel and metal production is now stagnating due to the international economic situation dominated by strong competition from Japanese industries and plastics, leading to overproduction in the principal European countries. The engineering industries Mechanical engineering production is extremely varied and includes companies such as shipbuilding, aerospace, carbuilding etc. with complex work cycles, together with the manufacturers of simple tools. Component manufacturing is also well developed and cl osely allied to companies producing durable goods not easily classified in any one sector (for example, non-metallic materials used in the car industry: rubber, glass, plastics etc). In practice, mechanical engineering with its diversification and multiple relationships with other industries is considered the mainstay of the national productive system also in terms of the large workforce employed (over 2,2

Burial Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures :: European Europe History

Burial Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for the next cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in a multitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funerary services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead can provide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practices and myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received from Timothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital information regarding the transition into another life. Regarding the burial practices of Greece and Rome, parts of Homer's Odyssey are useful in the analysis of proper interment methods. One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricate process known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved process spanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs were removed with one exception, the heart. If the body was not already West of the Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying process was initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of the Nile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of the substance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process of dehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint the body with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthy enough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremonies to ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of a special funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure a successful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heart did not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess of justice and divine order, Maat. The priest also made use of a "peculiar ritual instrument, a sort of chisel, with which he literally opened the mouth of the deceased." This was done to ensure that the deceased was able to speak during their journeys in Duat. Another practice used by the Egyptians to aid the departed soul involved mass human sacrifice. Many times if a prominent person passed away the family and servants would willfully ingest poison to continue their servitude in the next world.

Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A Distributive M

Environmental Justice: Some Ecofeminist Worries About A Distributive Model ABSTRACT: Environmental philosophers, policy-makers and community activists who discuss environmental justice do so almost exclusively in terms of mainstream Western distributive models of social justice. Whether the issue is treatment of animals, human health or property, wilderness and species preservation, pollution or environmental degradation, the prevailing and largely unchallenged view is that the issues of environmental justice are for the most part distributive issues. I think this wholesale framing of considerations of environmental justice solely in terms of distribution is seriously flawed. Drawing on both ecofeminist insights into the inextricable interconnections between institutions of domination and Iris Young’s work on the inadequacy of distributive models of social justice, I argue for the twofold claim that a distributive model of environmental justice is inadequate and that what is needed is an additional nondistributive model to supplement, complement and — in some cases — take precedence over a distributive model. Introduction Environmental philosophers, policy-makers, and community activists who discuss environmental justice do so almost exclusively in terms of mainstream Western distributive models of social justice: Environmental justice is about the fair or equitable distribution of environmental goods, services, and "resources." I think this wholesale framing of environmental justice issues solely or primarily in terms of distribution is seriously problematic. Drawing on both ecofeminist insights concerning the inextricable interconnections between institutions of human oppression and the domination of the natural ... ...as helped me think through my own ecofeminist worries about how issues of environmental justice have been construed. So I use what I take to be the salient features of Young’s critique to sketch both the limitations of such a model for environmental issues and the reasons for saying that what is needed is a supplementary nondistributive model. (9) See, for example, my two essays, "The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism," Environmental Ethics, Spring 1990, vol. 12 (3): 125-146, and "A Feminist Philosophical Perspective on Ecofeminist Spiritualities," in Ecofeminism and the Sacred, ed. Carol J. Adams (New York: Continuum Press, 1993): 119-132. (10) Young: 18. (11) Young: 4. (12) Anthony Weston, Toward Better Problems: New Perspectives on Abortion, Animal Rights, the Environment, and Justice (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992): 141.>

Roman and Early Christian Architecture

Explain the techniques used by roman architects and describe the types of buildings they created. Use examples to support your essay. The building techniques the Roman architects used were the arches and domes. They were very skilled at building with bricks and stones. These materials helped them develop new roof forms. To create arches they used wedge-shaped stones or bricks called vigorous. They placed the narrow ends on the inside of the arch and the wide ends on the outside. The Romans typically used round or pointed arches to span openings n walls or to support heavy roofs.One of the arch buildings they created was the Arch of Constantine. It is the latest triumphal arch in Rome. It was also the largest setup in Rome since the end of the Severna dynasty. Much of the decorations provided were from earlier monuments of Trojan, Hadrian, and Marcus Tutorials. They included the heads of the earlier emperors. The Pantheon was the dome creation. This was the Temple of all Gods. The dom e of the Pantheon is 142 feet high. It provides light entering through a central opening to the sky.Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unrecorded concrete dome to this date. Sanitaria, G. M. (2011, September). Roman architecture. Retrieved from http:// www. Marilynn. Com/ancient Rome/roman architecture. HTML 2. What features did Early Christian architects take from Roman builders, and what new techniques did they develop? Discuss specific features from three buildings. The features that the Early Christian architects took from Roman builders were the arches and domes. But with new techniques they developed such as the flying turrets.For example the Old Saint Peter church resembled Roman basilicas. It had a wide central nave with side aisles and an apse at the end. Unlike Roman basilicas, instead of doorways on one long side opening onto an aisle, they had an obvious long axis opening. When the worshipers arrived in Saint Peters nave, they were able to view the altar in the apse, framed by the chancel arch dividing the nave from the transept. Santa Sabina is another basilicas church. It is famed for its 5th-century wooden doors that have biblical scenes carved in them.It also has 24 columns of marble completely coordinated with Corinthian columns and bases. The spandrels of the arches have decorative marble designs in green and purple to represent the Eucharist. The Santa Stanza Church design was along the favorite of the Western Christian world. One of the most important historical aspects of Santa Stanza were the use of Apses and Central Dome which give prime examples of early Christian art and architecture. Klein, F. S. Gardener's Art Through the Ages; The Western Perspective. Fourth teen Edition.

The Youth Development Support Services Education Essay

IntroductionThis assignment focuses on the Community of Featherstone which lies near the town of Pontefract and is situated within the Wakefield District. As portion of the young person development support services I ‘m presently working on my secondary arrangement at Featherstone Community Centre which offers a young person nine service I besides do outreach work within Featherstone 1 hr per hebdomad. Whilst working in Featherstone I have been garnering difficult and soft information gained an apprehension of the history, population and environment that immature people live in, recognizing the demands of immature people and the community lived in. The information gathered will be used to invent a programme of work to run into a peculiar demand of its occupants. The assignment will besides be used to reflect on my arrangement and meeting my acquisition demands in my function in the community of Featherstone.HistoryFeatherstone chief history focuses around the industry of coal e xcavation which can be traced back to the thirteenth century ( wakefield.gov.uk. 2009 ) 9.A Featherstone Main and Ackton Hall collieries that one time provided the town with work and was one time influential on the lives of its occupants, closed following the mineworkers ‘ work stoppage of the 1984/85. ( wakefield.gov.uk. 2009 ) 8.APopulationThe ( National Statistics 2006 ) 17 province there is a population of â€Å" 14,179 † of which there are â€Å" 6,779 † Males and 7,396, Females. 98.31 % of the cultural population is White British compared to 86.99 % uk ( National Statistics 2004 ) .16, 80.64 % of Peoples province their faith as Christian, 71.74 % England, under 1 % other faiths, over 6 % in uk 9.71 % No faith, 14.59 % in England ( National statistics 2004 ) 18 This means much of the population has a deficiency of diverse civilizations, cultural and spiritual groups. This could ensue in racial favoritism through deficiency of apprehension and instruction. Th e environment could experience estranging, uninviting, perchance scaring to other cultural or spiritual groups sing. The population of Featherstone harmonizing to ( WMDC, n.d ) 5 is worsening with a autumn in the immature people population whilst a lifting in the figure of pensionaries. This could be down to new households non settling in the country and down to the big population that worked in the mines in the up to the 80s ; this shows an addition in the demand for proviso for seniors.PoliticsFeatherstone ward is portion of the Hemsworth constituency of which labour military policeman John Trickett is the elective representative. ( Jon Trickett MP 2009 ) 7. The Featherstone ward harmonizing to Guy, P ( personal communicating 30th December 2009 ) suggests has been controlled overall by the independent party for 6 old ages, this was antecedently shared by the labor party to which antecedently had controlled the ward for decennaries. At present the elective members are party council member Roy Bickerton Mayor, Councillor Kay Binnersley and Councillor Pauline Guy. Politicss and community engagement and how it affects them, were discussed with some of the immature people during degage work. ( See brooding entering ) 1HousingWakefield gov ( n.d ) 5 provinces Home ownership in Featherstone is lower than the territory and U.K ; In fact ( National statistics 2004 ) 6 reveals 25.44 % ain their place outright, 36.07 % with a loan or mortgage compared to 29.19 % and 38.88 % in England. This is in comparing with 30.44 % that are socially rented compared with 13.21 % in England. Whilst place ownership and mortgages non excessively dissimilar to national figures, when you consider house monetary values in Featherstone are good below national norms. ?72,930 compared with ?141,108 England. ( Neighbourhood Statistics 2003 ) 4. This is a huge difference and means that occupants of Featherstone ain belongings that is of low value, country lived in i.e. revenue enhancement set and type of house. And with a big demand for societal lodging demand could be due to low paid work, unemployment, sick wellness or ageing population. The ( National Statistics 2004 ) 3 suggest Out of lodging stock of 5,913 homes, there are more terraced houses, 37.50 % compared to 24.48 % England, Than any other type of brooding in the country, and in comparing to that of detached lodging which is 17.72 % compared with 22.51 % England. The ( national statistics 2004 ) 1 besides reveal that Out of a entire population of, 14,054, 5,272 live in these 37.50 % terraced houses. In comparing to 2,771 who live in degage houses. This means that the bulk of immature people turning up in Featherstone are more likely to populate in terraced lodging which is smaller than detached places ensuing in life conditions that are less broad. When I walked around the community, in countries of societal lodging it was noticed how rundown the environment they lived in had become, this more so in Verner est ate which the positions of occupants can be heard. See brooding entering 2.EducationHarmonizing to ( Wakefield gov nd ) 10. The 2001 nose count Suggest People in Featherstone have trouble in their Educational attainment of which half of dwellers have no makings. The recent ( Ofsted, 2009 ) 12 inspection study of Featherstone high school showed each degree achieved overall mark of 2, ( good ) . But within these subdivisions it highlighted certain elements merely achieved a mark of 3 ( satisfactory ) these were- The Standards reached by scholars ; are below the national norm. Attendance of scholars, A little per centum of pupils, largely boys have hapless attitudes to acquisition and are non accomplishing has good has other pupils. How good learners develop workplace and other accomplishments that will lend to their future economic wellbeing. The study recognised some personal and societal development within school was goodHow good does the school contribute to community coherence?But â€Å" pupils ‘ consciousness and apprehension of cultural diverseness in Britain are limited † . The ( DFES, nd cited in national statistics 2006 ) 13 province that Attainment consequences in Featherstone high school 15 Year Olds Achieving 5+ A* – C GCSE are lower than national degrees in about all topics and there is a large spread in boys 30.8 % compared to girls 41.0 % . This could impact on the future employment chances of some immature people impacting on the type of work they can make from accomplishments and classs obtained, limit entry into farther instruction ( particularly university ) . Young People may happen it difficult to travel to other countries and compete for work so will be stuck in Featherstone and its low economic environment. With boys achieving less in school, could go forth a gender spread in skilled employment and consequence in low paid work.Employment/UnemploymentHarmonizing to the ( National Statistics 2004 ) 20 there were 10,120 eligible workers in Featherstone of which 6,071 are economically active, 4,049 inactive, of which 10.52 % are for good ill / disabled compared to 5.30 % England. This Numberss twice every bit much as the national norm and could be down to lifestyle, want, industrial excavation related wellness issues. In fact harmonizing to National Statistics ( 2004 ) .11 suggests Out of a population of 14,175 ther e are 2,062 with non good wellness and â€Å" 22.16 % Peoples of working age with a restricting long-run unwellness. † 7.05 % of families are non in work with dependent kids compared to 4.83 % uk. All the above figures highlight the demand for societal lodging, want of the country and the impact on some immature people belonging to those households. ( National statistics 2004 ) 15. when looking at the working population 16/ 74 Young Peoples AGED 16 – 24, 28.02 % are unemployed to which is non excessively dissimilar to 25.69 % England compared to over 50s who are 12.36 % Featherstone 18.63 % England. These statistics look as though immature people are on mean twice more likely to be unemployed as an grownup. And how for some immature people, particularly with low educational attainment will happen it difficult to do a passage from place life to independence school to work. In an interview with some immature people they stated Reflective entering 3. The types of Employment for People aged 16-74 in Featherstone ( National Statistics 2004 ) 14 is highest in: Wholesale & A ; Retail trade ; Repair of motor vehicles 21.16 % and fabrication 19.59, these are higher than in England. But in occupations like finance and concern employment in these subdivisions are lower than in the remainder of England. This could be down to educational attainment of local population, societal and economic clime and demand. When seeking to derive entree to occupations out of the country, or have entree to other communities I looked at timetables of coach and rail services to and from Featherstone and Local Transport was hapless, in footings of direct journeys to finishs out of the country. ( National Statistics 2007 ) 19 suggest 34.06 % of families do n't have a auto, 26.84 % in England which farther makes it hard and bounds motion, societal contact and occupation chances for occupants.FacilitiesThe Chesney Community Centre Mcloughlin.M ( personal communi cation,3 December 2009 ) 22 suggested that Chesneys offers big instruction with classs changing from I.T, Maths, and English to photography beauty, leting grownups to derive accomplishments, accreditation and to socialize with others ) . This could assist better the lives of households and opportunities of employment and its societal and economic wagess. When sing that 47.59 % of 16-74 year olds have no makings ( national statistics 2004 ) 21 Mcloughlin.M besides suggests the Centre offers immature people a young person nine on a Monday and Wednesday dark. And his cardinal to a detached young person programme on a Friday dark. Featherstone Sports Centre at Featherstone Technology College opens to the community at certain times and has a Sports Hall, an Aspire Suite, a floodlighted out-of-door Games Area and a Swimming Pool. ( Wakefield gov 2009 ) OAKHILL CHILDREN ‘S CENTRE beginning Offers assorted parenting classs, wellness and household support and advice. This installation could intend that immature carers ‘ , parents and kids get a good start in life. I walked around the community with a co-worker and made a recording of its comfortss and environment and a feel for the community lived in. I found that the local population had good comfortss for wellness and day-to-day life but there was a divide in environmental factors, lodging conditions and a societal integrating of some immature people ‘s based on country lived. See brooding entering 3 3. Needs in the Community Brooding entering 1, When talking with immature people around community issues they said they ‘d â€Å" felt demand † and wanted to make something about determinations that affect them and their friends in their community. Harmonizing to ( Bradshaw. J 1972 ) taxonomy of demand this is felt demand turned into an â€Å" expressed † demand, to desire to take part in determination devising and to be listened to about the determinations that affect them and their community. Brooding entering 2. Exploitation ( Bradshaw. J 1972 ) taxonomy of demand, When walking around Verner I â€Å" felt demand † to inquire occupants about the environment they lived and to show their positions on their demands. This was so turned into an â€Å" expressed demand † , occupants demanding better living conditions. This can besides be seen as a â€Å" normative demand † a opinion based on my values and cognition that immature people and their households should populate in better conditions. Besides â€Å" comparative demand † in relation to environmental services and community patroling received in comparing to life in other countries.

Anatomy and Histology of the Small and Large Intestine

Anatomy and Histology of the Small and Large Intestine MACROSCOPIC FEATURES Small Intestine The small intestine is a specialized tubular structure within the abdominal cavity in continuity with the stomach proximally and the colon distally. The small bowel increases 20 times in length with aging, from 200 cm in the newborn to almost 6 m in the adult, and its length is approximated by three times the length of the infant, or height of the child or adult. 1] The duodenum, the most proximal portion of the small intestine, begins at the duodenal bulb, travels in the retroperitoneal space around the head of the pancreas, and ends on its return to the peritoneal cavity at the ligament of Treitz. The remainder of the small intestine is suspended within the peritoneal cavity by a thin, broad-based mesentery that is attached to the posterior abdominal wall and allows free movement of the small intestine within the abdominal cavity. The proximal 40% of the mobile small intestine is the jejunum , and the remaining 60% is the ileum.The jejunum occupies the left upper portion of the abdomen, and the ileum is positioned in the right abdomen and upper part of the pelvis. No distinct anatomic demarcation exists between jeju-num and ileum. Visual examination of the luminal surface of the small intestine reveals mucosal folds, the plicae circulares. More numerous in the proximal jejunum, the plicae circulares decrease in number in the distal small bowel and are absent in the terminal ileum. Aggregates of lymphoid follicles are scattered throughout the small intestine but are found in highest concentration within the ileum, where they are designated Peyer's patches.Peyer's patches normally are more prominent during infancy and childhood than they are in adulthood. The small bowel is in continuity with the colon at the ileocecal valve, which comprises two semilunar lips that protrude into the cecum. The ileocecal valve provides a barrier to the retrograde flow of colonic contents i nto the small intestine. This barrier appears to be a function of the angulation between the ileum and cecum that is maintained by the superior and inferior ileoceal ligaments,[2] and a true tonic, sphincter-type pressure does not appear to be present in this region.Colon and Rectum The colon is a tubular structure approximately 30 to 40 cm in length at birth in the full-term infant. In the adult, the colon measures 1. 5 m, about one quarter of the length of the small bowel. The diameter of the colon is greatest in the cecum (7. 5 cm) and narrowest in the sigmoid (2. 5 cm). The colon is continuous with the small intestine proximally at the ileocecal valve and ends distally at the anal verge ( Fig. 93-1 ).The external appearance of the colon differs from that of the small bowel, because the longitudinal muscle fibers of the colon coalesce into three discrete bands called teniae, located at 120-degree intervals about the colonic circumference: tenia liberis, tenia omentalis, and tenia mesocolica. The teniae start at the base of the appendix and extend continuously to the proximal rectum. Outpouchings of the colon, the haustra, are found between the teniae. Semilunar folds characterize the mucosa between the haustra. Sacs of peritoneum filled with adipose tissue, the appendices epiploicae, are found on the surface of the colon.

Client-Server Networking Essay Essay

The problem in the given scenario for the user is that the new driver installed to be compatible with the graphics adapter was not downloaded correctly or was incomplete. This is what causes the secondary malfunctions with the screen. When he was seeing the wavy lines it meant that the driver needed to be updated to use the new graphics adapter. He then checked the device manager and saw that it could be updated. He did so and restarted the computer afterwards. As it started he began hearing the noises because the driver was not downloaded correctly. And he then lost the display and could not diagnose the issue properly. In order to resolve this issue you must first restart the computer. As it comes back up from restarting you would put it in safe mode. It should give you the option to do this like it does to start windows normally. Now that you are in safe mode you are able to use a generic graphics driver that it has within it. But you must first uninstall the new driver that was showing the issues and re-install the driver you have before. From here you just wait for the next compatible driver for that graphic adapter to come out for use. Do not attempt to download the new driver again. From there your issue is temporarily resolved.

Why do good people suffer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Why do good people suffer - Research Paper Example Do we then simply have to accept things and tell ourselves, â€Å"The Lord gave and the Lord has taken away; may the name of the Lord be praised† (Job 1:21)? Not exactly, for in every human being, there is a natural curiosity to know why things happen, and especially why bad things happen to good people. We may feel angry and bitter at the suffering that good people experience and at all the injustice around us, but the Book of Job and the Scriptures somehow shed light on the idea that these sufferings, especially those of good people, indeed have a spiritual basis. The reasons why good people suffer are mostly implied in the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible. One of the essential points that the book is trying to emphasize is that God’s will transcends innocence. In simple terms, it means that God will not spare someone from suffering simply because one claims to be innocent. This further means that despite one’s goodness and obedience to God and to His laws, bad things may still happen to him. Job himself actually claims innocence when he states that he has not committed sins like lust, lies, idolatry and adultery. Job also reiterates that he has not failed to help the needy and the poor and his slaves, and that he has not even treated his enemies in an unfair way (Job 31:1-40, New International Version Holy Bible). Nevertheless, Job experiences extreme suffering. All these imply one thing – that God’s will is above man’s innocence. In fact, because of this, Job assumes that God is cruel, where such assumption is evident in the lines â€Å"I cry out to you, God, but you do not answer† (Job 30:20), and, â€Å"You turn on me ruthlessly; with the might of your hand you attack me† (Job 30:21). Indeed, anyone who does not show compassion to the weak and innocent is viewed as cruel. Nevertheless, God remains above man’s innocence and man’s concept of sparing the innocent from suffering. The concept of innocence is actually one which is mostly misunderstood by the layman. Perhaps one reason for this is that man usually equates moral innocence with legal innocence. It is in this respect that man is mistaken. Good people suffer because â€Å"technically speaking there are no good [or innocent] people† (Slick). The apostle Paul echoes this in his Epistle to the Romans, where he says, â€Å"For all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God† (Rom. 3:23). This means that no one is spared from sin. Paul even calls himself â€Å"chief of sinners† (1 Tim. 1:15). Moreover, even Jesus Himself says, â€Å"Why do you call Me good?...No one is good except God alone† (Lk. 18:18). Furthermore, Job’s defense of himself by claiming that he has been a good man all along is actually not even plausible for everyone simply is a sinner, regardless of the good or the bad he has done. It is true that in terms of the law of the country or in terms of rules, it is clear who obeys it and who violates it. However, when it comes to the Scriptures, there are really no good people and that bad things just simply happen to them. What then is the effect of this sin? The apostle Paul describes the effects of sin on the Ephesians: â€Å"Having lost all sensitivity, they have given themselves over to sensuality so as to indulge in every kind of impurity, and they are full of greed† (Eph. 4:19). Thus, sin, according to Paul, leads to more sin. Moreover, sin can lead to various physiological problems such as â€Å"liver problems, diabetes, heart disease† as well as emotional problems like â€Å"guilt, low self-esteem [and] loss of self-respect† (Vandermark). Thus, sin leads to both emotional and physical suffering. Lastly, perhaps the worst effect of sin is stated by the apostle Paul in